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Lesson 18 Grammar
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| transitive verb | verbs describing actions done by people |
| intransitive verb | verbs describing "changes that things or people undergo." |
| 開ける transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| しめる transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| 入れる transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| 出す transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| つける transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| けす transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| こわす transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| よごす transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| おとす transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| わかす transitive or intransitive | transitive |
| 開く transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| しまる transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| 入る transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| 出る transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| つく transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| きえる transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| こわれる transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| よごれる transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| おちる transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| わく transitive or intransitive | intransitive |
| 開ける meaning | open something |
| しめる meaning | close something |
| 入れる meaning | put something in |
| 出す meaning | take something out |
| つける meaning | turn something off |
| けす meaning | turn something off; extinguish something |
| こわす meaning | break something |
| よごす meaning | make something dirty |
| おとす meaning | drop something |
| わかす meaning | boil water |
| 開く meaning | something opens |
| しまる meaning | something closes |
| 入る meaning | something goes inside |
| 出る meaning | something goes out |
| つく meaning | something goes on |
| きえる meaning | something goes off |
| こわれる meaning | something breaks |
| よごれる meaning | something becomes dirty |
| おちる meaning | something drops |
| わく meaning | water boils |
| 開ける intransitive version | 開く |
| しめる intransitive version | しまる |
| 入れる intransitive version | 入る |
| 出す intransitive version | 出る |
| つける intransitive version | つく |
| けす intransitive version | きえる |
| こわす intransitive version | こわれる |
| よごす intransitive version | よごれる |
| おとす intransitive version | おちる |
| わかす intransitive version | わく |
| 開く transitive version | 開ける |
| しまる transitive version | しめる |
| 入る transitive version | 入れる |
| 出る transitive version | 出す |
| つく transitive version | つける |
| きえる transitive version | けす |
| こわれる transitive version | こわす |
| よごれる transitive version | よごす |
| おちる transitive version | おとす |
| わく transitive version | わかす |
| transitive verb sentences | "calls for both the subject (agent) and the object (thing that is worked on)." |
| intransitive verb sentences | "Intransitive verbs call only for the subject (thing thing or the person that goes through the change)." |
| transitive verb vs intransitive verb sentences | "calls for both the subject (agent) and the object (thing that is worked on). Intransitive verbs call only for the subject (thing thing or the person that goes through the change)." |
| transitive sentence: たけしさんが電気をつけました。 (Give the intransitive version) | intransitive sentence: 電気がつきました |
| transitive sentence: たけしさんがおゆをわかしました。 (Give the intransitive version) | intransitive sentence: おゆがわきました。 |
| transitive vs intransitive: ている | "transitive verbs describe activities (so, actions in progress for ている), while intransitive verbs describe changes (so, resultant state for ている)" |
| transitivity, ている review example 1: スーさんは今、でんわでお母さんと話してます。 (English translation and type of phrase) | "Sue is talking on the phone with her mother right now. (activity, action in progress)" |
| transitivity, ている review example: 山下先生は結婚しています。 (English translation and type of phrase) | "Professor Yamashita is married. (change, resultant state)" |
| transitive sentence (ている１): ロバートさんはまどを開けています。 (Give the intransitive version) | intransitive sentence (ている１): ドアが開いています。 |
| transitive sentence (ている２): ともこさんは電気をけしています。 (Give the intransitive version) | intransitive sentence (ている２): 電気はきえています。 |
| transitive sentence (ている３): ゴジラが町をこわしています。 (Give the intransitive version) | intransitive sentence (ている３): 町はこわれています。 |
| transitivity (ている１): ロバートさんはまどを開けています。 (English translation) | Robert is opening the windows. |
| transitivity (ている２): ドアが開いています。 (English translation) | Doors are open./There's an open door. |
| transitivity (ている３): ともこさんは電気をけしています。 (English translation) | Tomoko is turning the light off. |
| transitivity (ている４): テレビはきえています。 (English translation) | The TV set is off. |
| transitivity (ている５): ゴジラが町をこわしています。 (English translation) | "There goes Godzilla, destroying the city." |
| transitivity (ている６): このパソコンはこわれています。 (English translation) | This computer is broken. |
| ～てしまう | Has two meanings relating to "the descrepancy between what we intend and what the world is like when it is left on its own." |
| ～てしまう, first meaning | Indicates that one “carries out with determinations” a plan described by the verb. It typically involves bringing something to a culmination point. You, in other words, do something completely, or finish doing something, or have something done. |
| 本を読んでしまいました。 (English translation) | I read the book completely./I finished reading the book. |
| ～てしまう, second meaning | “lack of premeditation or control over how things turn out.” This often comes with the sense of regret; something regrettable happens, or you do something which you did not intend to. |
| 電車の中にかばんをわすれてしまいました。 (English translation) | I inadvertently left my bag on the train. |
| 宿題をわすれたので、先生はおこってしまいました。 (English translation) | To my horror and sorrow, my professor got angry, because I had forgotten my homework. |
| ～てしまう, interpretation: which meaning is it? | May be ambiguous. Interpretation depends on the assumptions the speaker has when uttering it. |
| ～てしまう, interpretation: reading the book example | The example can be read as meaning “regrettably” just as easily if you read the book although you had not planned to, or knowing that it was wrong but unable to resist the temptation. |
| ～てしまう, contraction in speech, ～てしまう | ～ちゃう |
| ～てしまう, contraction in speech, ～でしまう | ～じゃう |
| ～てしまう contraction in speech, example, "I lost my homework!" (Japanese translation) | しゅくだいをなくしちゃった。 |
| 食べてしまいました (casual form) | 食べちゃいました |
| 食べてしまった (casual form) | 食べちゃった |
| 飲んでしまうました (casual form) | 飲んじゃいました |
| 飲んでしまった (casual form) | 飲んじゃった |
| てしまう, note on regret | Because します goes with the verb ‘te’-form, which is affirmative, it only gives us sentences meaning that something regrettable does or did happen. |
| てしまう, note on regret, examples of unacceptable uses | In other words, we cannot express negated ideas with しまう such as “regrettably, x did not take place” or “unfortunately, I did not do x.” |
| ～と | The present tense short form of a predicate + と means whenever the situation described by the predicate holds, another thing happens. In most と sentences, the first clause describes the cause, and the second the effect. |
| 私はその人と話すと元気になる。 (English translation) | Whenever I talk with that person, I feel uplifted. |
| 道がこんでいると時間がかかる。 (English translation) | Whenever the streets are crowded, it takes longer to get there. |
| ～と, form | clause A と clause B。Whenever A happens, B happens too. (short, present) |
| ～と, a more specific use | Sometimes describes a cause-effect relationship between specific events. |
| メアリーさんが国に帰るとさびしくなります。 (English translation and card type) | If Mary goes back home, we will be sad and lonely. (～と, a more specific use, example) |
| ～と, second clause tense | can be in the present or past tense. |
| ～と, second clause tense, example, “When I was young, whenever winter arrived, I caught a cold.” | 私は子供のとき、ふゆになるとかぜをひきました。 |
| ～と, sequence of events | second clause must follow the event described in the first half of the sentence. |
| ～と, sequence of events, incorrect example, 私はその人と話すときっさてんに行きます。 | Whenever I talk with that person, we go to a coffee shop. |
| ～と, adjectives in second clause | usually expressed as a change. |
| ～と, adjectives in second clause, less important note | because adjectives are expressed as a change, it is very common to find in the second clause an い-adjective base + くなる, and a な-adjective base + になる |
| あきになると木が赤くなります。 (English translation) | Whenever fall arrives, trees turn red. |
| 夜になると町がしずかになります。 (English translation) | Whenever night comes, the town becomes quiet. |
| ～ながら | connects two verbs to say that the two actions are performed at the same time. |
| ～ながら, form | follows a verb stem |
| 私はいつも音楽を聞きながら日本語を勉強します。 (English translation) | I always study Japanese while listening to music. |
| たけしさんは歌いながらせんたくをしています。 (English translation) | Takeshi is doing laundry singing a song. |
| アルバイトをしながら学校に行くのたいへんです。 (English translation) | It is not easy to go to school working part-time. |
| ～ながら, limitation | must be two actions performed by the same person. Cannot describe an action performed while another person does something. |
| ～ばよかったです | means ‘I wish I had had done’ or ‘I should have done’ something. You can use it to describe an alternative course of action you, to your great regret, did not take. |
| あの時、「あいしている」と言えばよかったです。 (English translation) | I wish I had told her that I loved her. |
| 彼女と別れなければよかったです。 (English translation) | I should not have broken up with her. |
| ～ばよかったです, conjugation information | All verbs can be regularly turned into a ばよかったです sentence with no exception or irregularity. You form the ば-form on the basis of the present tense short forms. |
| ～ばよかったです, positive conjugation | -u becomes –eba. |
| ～ばよかったです, negative conjugation | い becomes ければ. |
| 食べる (ば form) | 食べれば |
| 行く (ば form) | 行けば |
| 待つ (ば form) | 待てば |
| 買う (ば form) | 買えば |
| する (ば form) | すれば |
| くる (ば form) | くれば |
| 食べない (ば form) | 食べなければ |
| 行かない (ば form) | 行かなければ |
| 待たない (ば form) | 待たなければ |
| 買わない (ば form) | 買わなければ |
| しない (ば form) | しなければ |
| こない (ば form) | こなければ |
Created by:
ncommons
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