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Micro Chapters 1 & 2
Micro Chapters 1 & 2,3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pasteur | mechanism of fermentation, defeat of spontaneous generation rabies and other vaccines, principles of immunizationEdward jenner- vaccination (smallpox) |
| Koch | Devised four postulates to link a microorganism to a specific disease in mice |
| Winogradsky | Demonstrated that sulfur and nitrogen fixing bacteria catalyzed specific reactions in nature. chemolithotrophy and chemoautorophy, nitrogen fixation, sulfur bacteria |
| van Leeuwenhoek | The first to discover AND DESCRIBE bacteria. |
| Cohn | The first to discover endospores in bacteria.Koch’s postulates, pure culture microbiology, discovery of agents of tuberculosis and cholera |
| Evolution | Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring. |
| metabolism | Chemical transformation of nutrients |
| Movement | Via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes. |
| Reproduction | Generation of two cells from one. |
| Differentiation | Synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell (only in some microbes). |
| Communication | Generation of, and response to, chemical signals (only in some microbes). |
| Transcriptomics | Study of RNA patterns. |
| Proteomics | Study of all the proteins produced by cell(s). |
| Metabolomics | Study of metabolic expression in cells |
| Bright-field Microscopy | Specimens are visualized because of differences in contrast (density) between specimen and surroundings |
| Phase-contrast Microscopy | Phase ring amplifies differences in the refractive index of cell and surroundings |
| Dark-field Microscopy | Light reaches the specimen from the sides |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | Emit light of one color when illuminated with another color of light. |
| Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy | Uses a polarizer to create two distinct beams of polarized light. |
| Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | A tiny stylus is placed close to a specimen that measures weak repulsive forces between it and the specimen. |
| Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) | Uses a computerized microscope coupled with a laser source to generate a three-dimensional image |
| Resolution | The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct, and is determined by the wavelength of light (shortest best) used and numerical aperture (higher best) of lens |
| Staining | Improves contrast by using dyes that are organic compounds that bind to specific cellular materials. |
| Total magnification | Objective magnification x ocular magnification |
| Limit of resolution | For light microscopy is 0.2 μ m |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | System operates in a vacuum where electromagnets function as lenses provides high magnification and resolution (0.2 nm). Enables visualization of structures at the molecular level. |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): | System operates in a vacuum where specimen is coated with a thin film of heavy metal (e.g., gold). An electron beam scans the object and scattered electrons are collected by a detector and an image is produced. |
| Cytoplasmic membrane | Biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment and is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. |
| Cytoplasm | It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that contains the cytosol, organelles (in eukaryotes), and inclusions. |
| Ribosomes | A large complex of RNA and protein which catalyzes protein translation, the formation of proteins from individual amino acids using messenger RNA as a template. Ribosomal DNA can be sequenced and used to measure phylogenetic relationships over time. |
| Chromosome | Comprised of double stranded DNA, circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes |
| Bacterial Cell Wall | Rigid structural material that gives cells characteristic shape comprised of peptidoglycan. |
| Genome | DNA molecule that contains cell’s full complement of genes. In prokaryotes it is localized to the nucleoid region, in eukaryotes it is localized to the membrane bound nucleus. |
| Eukaryotes | DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus, cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes, contain organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, nucleolus, golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplast (plants)) |
| Prokaryotes | No membrane-enclosed organelles, no nucleus, generally smaller than eukaryotic cells |
| Viruses | Not considered cells, no metabolic activity on their own, obligate intracellular parasites infect all types of cells. |
| Microbial Diversity | Product of about 4 billion years of evolution, variable shapes, sizes, motility, physiology, pathogenicity. Have exploited every conceivable source of obtaining energy from the environment. |
| Chemoorganotrophs | Obtain their energy from the oxidation of organic molecules (Glucose, acetate, etc.) . |
| Aerobes | Use oxygen to obtain energy. |
| Anaerobes | Obtain energy in the absence of oxygen. |
| Chemolithotrophs | Obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules (H2, H2S, Fe+2, NH4+, etc.) Process found only in prokaryotes. |
| Phototrophs | Contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source. |
| Oxygenic photosynthesis | Produces oxygen from light energy. |
| Anoxygenic photosynthesis | Does not produce oxygen from light energy. |
| Autotrophs | Use carbon dioxide as their carbon source, sometimes referred to as primary producers. |
| Heterotrophs | Require one or more organic molecules for their carbon source, feed directly on autotrophs or live off products produced by autotrophs. |
| Extremophiles | Organisms whose habitats include boiling hot springs, glaciers, extremely salty bodies of water, and high-pH environments |
| Hyperthermophile | High temperature growth, 90oC – 122oC, undersea thermal vents. |
| Psychrophile | Low temperature growth, -12oC – 10oC, sea ice |
| Acidophile | Low pH (High H+ ion concentration) growth, pH -0.06 – 4, acid hot springs. |
| Alkaliphile | High pH (High OH- ion concentration) growth, pH 8.5 – 12, soda lakes. |
| Barophile (Piezophile) | High pressure growth, atmosphere 500 - >1000, deep ocean sediments |
| Halophile | High salt (NaCl) growth, NaCl saturation 15% - 32%, salterns. |
| Protists | include algae and protozoa |
| Algae | are phototrophic, have cell walls |
| Protozoa | NOT phototrophic, no cell wall |
| Fungi | are decomposers, have cell walls |
| Slime molds | are decomposers, no cell walls |
| Lichens | share a mutualistic relationship between two groups of protists. A primary phototrophic producer provides a food source for the fungus, and the fungus provides anchoring, protection from the elements, and a means of absorbing nutrients |
| Transcription | DNA produces RNA |
| Translation | RNA makes protein |
| Enzyme | protein catalyst of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions |
| Genomics | study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells |
| Biotechnology | • Manipulation of cellular genomes, DNA from one organism can be inserted into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by that DNA harvested |
| Cytology | study of cellular structure |
| Microbial physiology | Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate |
| Microbial systematics | The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms |
| what are properties of all cells? | takes up nutrients from environment, transforms them, releases wastes into environment (open system); cells come for preexisting cells; cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties |
| properties of some cells? | self propulsion (flagella); cells can form new cell structures like a spore, communication by means of chemicals that are released or taken up |
| How old is the earth? When did cells first appear? When did life become microbial? | 4.6 BYA; 3.8 BYA; Until 1 BYA |
| Positive impacts of microorganisms on humans? | Nitrogen fixing bacteria, cellulose degrading microbes in the rumen, regeneration of nutrients in soil and water |
| Negative impacts of microorgansims on humans? | Diseases in plants and animals |
| bioremediation | The role of microbes in cleaning up pollutants |
| What are one of Koch's 4 postulates? | The suspected pathogen must be present in disease & absent from healthy animals |
| What are one of Koch's 4 postulates? | suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture |
| What are one of Koch's 4 postulates? | Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in healthy animal |
| What are one of Koch's 4 postulates? | suspected pathogen must be reisolated & identical to original |
| Edward jenner | vaccination (smallpox) |
| Robert Hooke | discovery of microorganisms (fungi) |
| Joseph lister | methods for preventing infections during surgeries |
| Martinus beijerinck | enrichment culture technique, discovery of many metabolic groups of bacteria, concept of a virus |
| microbial physiology | nutrition, metabolism |
| microbial genetics | genes, heredity, and genetic variation |
| microbial biochemistry | enzymes and chemical reactions in cells |
| microbial systematics | classification and nomenclature |
| virology | viruses and subviral particles |
| molecular biology | nucleic acids and protein |
| microbial ecology | microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats; biogeochemistry |
| medical microbiology | infectious disease |
| immunology | immune systems |
| agricultural/ soil microbiology | microbial diversity and processes in soil |
| industrial microbiology | large-scale production of antibiotics, alcohol, and other chemicals |
| biotechnology | production of human proteins by genetically engineered microorgonisms |
| aquatic microbiology | microbial processes in waters and wastewater's, drinking water safety |
| Phase contrast Microscopy | phase ring amplifies differences in the refractive index of cell and surroundings, improves contrast of sample w/out use of stain, dark cells on light background, can see live samples |
| Dark Field microscopy | light reaches specimen from slides, light reaching lens has been scattered by specimen, image is light on dark background, good for seeing motility |
| In Fluorescence microscopy, what stains DNA | DAPI |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | electromagnets function as lenses, system works in a vacuum, 0.2 nm magnification and resolution (high), lets you to see structures at molecular level, specimen must be very thin and stained |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy | specimen is coated with thin film of heavy metal, an electron beam scans the object, scattered electrons are collected by detector and image is produced, large specimens can be observed |
| Eukaryotes | DNA enclosed membrane-bound nucleus, cells are generally larger and more complex, contain organelles, contain E.R., nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, golgi complex, mitochondrion, chloroplast, size of eukaryote is 10 micrometers |
| Prokaryotes | no membrane-enclosed organelles, no nucleus, generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes have cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmid, cytoplasmic membrane, and it is 0.5 micrometers, prokaryote is 20 times smaller than eukaryote, |
| Eukaryotes have a higher number/more what than prokaryotes? | DNA per cell |
| What were chloroplast derived from? What were mitochondria derived from? | Chloroplast were derived from Cyanobacteria; Mitochondria were derived from Gram-negative bacteria |
| Extremophile classes? | Temperature (high and low), pH (low and high), pressure, Salt (NaCl) |
| The extremophile for high temperature's descriptive term, habitat, and optimum? | hyperthermophile, undersea hydrothermal vents, 106 degrees C |
| The extremophile for low temperature's descriptive term, habitat, and optimum? | psychrophile, sea ice, 5 degrees C |
| The extremophile for low pH descriptive term, habitat, and optimum? | acidophils, acidic hot springs, 0.7^c |
| The extremophile for high pH descriptive term, habitat, and optimum? | alkaliphile, soda lakes, 10^d |
| The extremophile for pressure's descriptive term, habitat, and optimum? | barophile (piezophile), deep ocean sediments, 700 atm |
| The extremophile for salt's (NaCl) descriptive term, habitat, and optimum? | halophile, salterns, 25% |
| all known pathogenic prokaryotes are? | Bacteria |
| One of the phyla of the Domain Archaea, Euryarchaeota has? | • Methanogens: degrade organic matter anaerobically, produce methane (natural gas) • Extreme halophiles: require high salt concentrations for metabolism and reproduction • Thermoacidophiles: grow in moderately high temperatures and low-pH environments |
| One of the phyla of the Domain Archaea, Crenarchaeota has? | • Vast majority of cultured Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophiles • Some live in marine, freshwater, and soil systems |
| what are the characteristics of some eukaryotic microorganisms? | algae and protozoa are protists:algae are photographic and protozoa are not phototrophic, algae have cell walls fungi: decomposers, have cell walls slime molds and protozoa: do not have a cell wall |
| uniporters | transport in one direction across the membrane |
| symporters | function as co-transporters |
| antiporters | transport a molecule across the membrane while simultaneously transporting another molecule in the opposite direction |
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