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Unit 2
The Chemical Level of Organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between matter, mass, and weight? | Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter a substance contains. Weight is the force of gravity acting on mass. |
| Define chemical element. | A substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by means ordinary chemical means. |
| List the four elements that form the bulk of body matter. | The four major elements of body matter are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
| List the subatomic particles. | Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| Explain the relative mass, charge, and position of a proton in the atom. | The charge of a proton is +1 with a mass of 1 amu. The proton is located in the nucleus. |
| Explain the relative mass, charge, and position of a neutron in the atom. | The neutron has a charge of 0 with a mass of 1 amu. The neutron is located in the nucleus. |
| Explain the relative mass, charge, and position of an electron in the atom. | The electron has a charge of -1 and is much smaller in size with a mass of 0.0005 amu. The electron is located in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus. |
| Define molecule. | Combination formed when two or more atoms share electrons (covalently bonded). |
| How are molecules related to compounds? | Atoms make up molecules, and molecules make up compounds. |
| Describe ionic bonds. | An ionic bond is when an atom loses or gains a valence electron, forming ions. The result is a very polar compound. Polar means charged. |
| Describe a polar covalent bond. | The sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal; one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly that the other. This results in positive and negative areas. |
| Describe a nonpolar covalent bond. | Atoms share the electrons equally; one atom does not attract the shared electron more strongly than the other atom. |
| Why are hydrogen bonds so important? | Hydrogen bonds serve as links between molecules. |
| Describe synthesis. | Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. Bonds are formed (anabolism). |
| Describe decomposition. | A molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions. Bonds are broken (catabolism). |
| Describe exchange reactions. | The replacement of one atom or atoms by another atom or atoms. Requires both decomposition and synthesis. Components of the molecules are interchanged. |
| What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? | The primary difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, almost all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds. |
| Differentiate between a salt, and acid, and a base. | A salt is a product of the reaction between an acid and a base; a base is any molecule that will bind to a hydrogen ion or release a hydroxide into solution; an acid is any molecule that will release a hydrogen ion/proton. |
| Why is water important to the body's homeostasis? Provide examples of the roles of water. | Water is vital to the function of cells. Water is a biological solvent, meaning it dissolves hydrophylic solutes and separates from hydrophobic solutes. |
| What is pH? | pH is the percent of hydrogen in a solute. |
| What is the pH of blood? | Blood has a pH of between 7.34 and 7.45. |
| Describe carbohydrates and list some carbohydrates. | Carbohydrates are organic compounds that provide most of the energy needed for life and include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose. |
| Describe lipids and list some lipids. | Lipids provide protection, insulation, energy, form membranes and some hormones. Lipids include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. |
| Describe proteins and list some proteins. | Proteins are constructed from combinations of 20 different amino acids. Proteins include amino acids, hormones, tissues, enzymes, etc. |
| Describe nucleic acids and list some nucleic acids. | Nucleic acids are organic compounds that are universal in living things. The three types of nucleic acids are DNA, RNA, and ATP. |
| What is the structure and function of DNA? | DNA is double stranded and uses the pentose sugar deoxyribose. DNA determines the master template of our genetic material. |
| What is the structure and function of RNA? | RNA is single stranded and uses the pentose sugar ribose. RNA relays instructions fromt he nucleus to guide assembly of amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm. |
| Define enzyme. What is the role of enzymes? | Enzymes are special proteins that catalyze metabolic reaction in all living cells. |
| Why is ATP important in the body? | ATP is a molecule for the storage of energy. When energy is needed, the last phosphate bond in ATP is broken, releasing the energy. |
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starlitandroid
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