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Semester Final
Semester 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| beaker | holds substances |
| graduated cylinder | measure liquids |
| capillary tube | draws up small amounts of liquid |
| funnel | helps transfer substances |
| test tube | to hold single substances |
| rubber stopper | holds substances in test tube |
| test tube rack | holds test tubes upright |
| test tube holder | transfers test tube |
| test tube brush | cleans test tubes |
| cover slip | holds specimen in the slide |
| glass slide | goes on top of cover slip in microscope; protects lens |
| dropper bottle | dispenses liquid one drop at a time |
| microscope | magnifies objects |
| hand lens | magnifies small objects but not as well as microscope |
| Petri dish | observing container and holds items |
| scalpel | cuts specimen |
| dissecting scissors | cuts specimen |
| single edge razor | cuts specimen |
| forceps | transfer items |
| tape measure | to measure objects |
| metric ruler | measures length |
| pipette | draw up liquid and dispense, measures |
| spot plate | to hold fluids for compare |
| stir rod | mixes objects |
| dissecting needle | move small objects |
| apron | protect skin and clothes from harmful chemicals |
| safety goggles | to protect eyes from harmful chemicals |
| thermometer | take temperature |
| hot plate | to heat substances |
| scoopula | transfers substances |
| electronic balance | masses objects |
| weigh boat | place on balance, hold substances on balance |
| meter (m) | base unit of length |
| gram (g) | base unit of mass |
| Liter (L) | base unit of volume |
| Celsius (C) | base unit of temperature |
| biosphere | all parts of the planet |
| organisms | individual living things |
| cells | basic unit of structure and function; make up all organisms |
| DNA | chemical of inherited information |
| species | distinct form of life |
| biodiversity | variety of life on earth |
| classification system | groups organisms |
| taxonomy | the science of naming and assigning organisms into groups |
| Binomial nomenclature | scientific names |
| domain | Achaea (prokaryote), Bacteria (prokaryote), Eukarya (eukaryote) |
| Four Big Ideas | systems, information, free energy, evolution |
| dependent variable | measured variable; unpredictable change; y-axis |
| independent variable | manipulated variable; predictable change; x-axis |
| inquiry | asking questions; process of investigation |
| observation | uses the physical senses and scientific equipment |
| data | recorded observations |
| quantitative data | measured data |
| inference | logical conclusion; interpretation |
| Scientific Method | used to solve problems |
| prediction | expected outcome of test |
| experiment | planned procedure |
| controlled experiment | test effects of a single variable |
| control group | receives NO experimental treatment |
| experimental group | receives experiment |
| theory | well tested explanation; can be modified |
| law | describes things in nature; does not explain why they occur |
| Pseudoscience | made to look like someone; cannot be tested; based on belief |
| matter | anything that occupies space |
| atom | smallest unit of matter |
| protons | positive charge |
| neutrons | neutral, no charge |
| electrons | negative charge |
| electron cloud | located outside/around nucleus; contains electrons |
| Ionic bond | electron transfer; helps fill energy levels |
| Covalent bond | sharing electrons; between two or more atoms |
| Hydrogen bond | electromagnetic bond; between positive charged area of one molecule |
| Elements | pure substance; cannot be broken down |
| Essential elements | 25 of them; required by living organisms |
| Oxygen | O |
| Nitrogen | N |
| Potassium | K |
| Chlorine | Cl |
| Manganese | Mn |
| Fluorine | F |
| Boron | B |
| Selenium | Se |
| Carbon | C |
| Calcium | Ca |
| Sulfur | S |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| Iodine | I |
| Copper | Cu |
| Chromium | Cr |
| Vanadium | V |
| Molybdenum | Mo |
| Hydrogen | H |
| Phosphorous | P |
| Sodium | Na |
| Iron | Fe |
| Silicon | Si |
| Zinc | Zn |
| Cobalt | Co |
| Germanium | Ge |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms; chemically combined |
| chemical formula (molecular formula) | shows atom symbols |
| chemical equation | shows a chemical reaction; reactants and products |
| reactants | starting formula |
| products | ending materials |
| structural formula | shows arrangement of atoms |
| polar molecule | oppositely charged regions |
| polar covalent bond | shared electrons between it; are unequally distributed |
| cohesion | attraction between same molecules |
| surface tension | caused by hydrogen bonds |
| surfactant | substance that reduces surface tension |
| adhesion | attraction between different substances |
| capillary action | process where water moves up against gravity |
| solvent | dissolves another substance |
| solute | what gets dissolved |
| solution | combination of solute and solvent (evenly distributed) |
| monomers | small molecular unit; building block of larger molecules; single "bead" |
| polymer | long chain of monomers; beaded "necklace" |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | breaks down polymers into monomers |
| Dehydration Synthesis | dehydration reaction; builds polymers from monomers |
| monosaccharide | monomer of carbohydrates; single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, galactose |
| disaccharide | double sugar; two linked monosaccharaides; sucrose and lactose |
| polysaccharide | many sugar units; three or more monosaccharaides linked; starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin |
| fats | long term energy storage |
| amino acids | monomers of proteins |
| polypeptide | chains of amino acids |
| denatured | loss of protein structure; caused by temperature, pH, chemicals |
| enzymes | help chemical reactions; protein; most end in "ase"; special shape; used in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids; DNA, RNA, ATP; house with satellite dish and flag |
| substrate | what an enzyme acts on; "puzzle piece" |
| active site | pocket or fold; where chemical reaction |
| digestion | hydrolysis of organic molecules |
| digestive tract | long muscular tube; mouth, pharynx, esophagus |
| accessory parts | not part of the digestive tract; teeth, tongue, salivary glands |
| light microscope | magnifies up to 1000x; not enough to see inside cells |
| electron microscope | magnifies 1,000,000x; enough to show cell detail; scanning and transmission electron microscope |
| scanning electron microscope | shows surface structure of cells |
| transmission electron microscope | shows internal structure of cells |
| organelle | mini organ; part of cell with specific job |
| prokaryote | no nucleus; lack many organelles; unicellular; bacteria |
| eukaryote | contain nucleus surrounded by membrane; contain organelles; plants, animals |
| selectively permeable | cell membrane that lets certain things in and out; maintains homeostasis; recognizes foreign cells |
| phospholipid bilayer | two layer "sandwich" |
| phosphate group | polar (has a charge); "head"; hydrophilic |
| 2 fatty acids | non-polar; "tail"; hydrophobic |
| hydrophilic | attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | repels water; repels polar ions |
| glycerol | connect "head" and "tail" |
| cholesterol | stabilizes phospholipid tails; in hot and cold environments |
| proteins | move between phospholipids; peripheral and integral |
| peripheral | on membrane surface |
| integral | go through membrane |
| marker protein/glycoprotein | carbohydrates attached on cell exterior; helps in cell recognition |
| receptor protein | recognizes and blinds to substances outside the cell |
| transport protein | helps substances move into and out of the cell |
| concentration | amount of molecules in area |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration of a substances across space |
| equilibrium | balance of substance throughout a space |
| passive transport | no energy used; moves substances in a cell; high to low concentration |
| diffusion | passage through phospholipid bilayer |
| facilitated diffusion | passage through transport proteins |
| osmosis | movement of water |
| turgor pressure | force exerted outward in a cell by water |
| plasmolysis | low turgor pressure; plasma membrane and cytoplasm shrink away from cell wall |
| cytolysis | high turgor pressure; animal cell swells or bursts |
| active transport | requires ATP energy; substances move against the concentration gradient from low concentration to a high concentration; moves substances in or out of cell |
| sodium-potassium pump | moves sodium out-toxic to cell (3Na+out); moves potassium in-healthy for cell (2k+in) |
| endocytosis | large materials enter cell; form vesicles using plasma membrane |
| exocytosis | large materials exit cells; vesicle/lysosome membrane fuses with plasma membrane; contents forces out of cell |
| autotroph | Greek for 'self feeder'; organism that makes its own food |
| producer | use inorganic molecules; make organic molecules; are food for organisms; plants and algae |
| heterotrophs | Greek for 'other eater'; cannot make own food; depend on producers to supply |
| consumer | obtain organic molecules from eating producers |
| food chain | linear feeding relationship; most start with sun |
| food web | many possible feeding relationships; food chains linked together |
| trophic level/pyramid | shows energy flow through ecosystem; energy is lost through levels and feeds fewer animals in each level |
| calorie | measure of chemical energy in food |
| potential energy | possibility to do work; organic compounds |
| photosynthesis | occurs in plants and algae; takes place in the chloroplast |
| cellular respiration | process that converts food into different forms of chemical energy |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; main energy supply; in plants and animals |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate; molecule after energy is released |
| anaerobic respiration | energy from food; no mitochondria used; makes very little ATP |
| fermentation | type of anaerobic respiration; alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
Created by:
mstanfar
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