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bio concepts 2
Chapter 28 Protists
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Structure of protists | protists exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes. unicellular. asexual and sexually |
| sub cellular organelles include | nucleus, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, contractive vacuole,some are photoautotrophs, some are heterotrophs |
| Photoautotrophs | contain chloroplasts |
| heterotrophs | absorbing organic molecules but ingest larger food particles. |
| Mixotrophs | combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic |
| evolution of photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy | all evolved from different lineages |
| endosymbiosis | process in which certain unicellular organism engulf other cells. these become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell. |
| secondary endosymbiosis | they were ingested in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes and become endosymbionts themselves |
| amitochondriate protists | organisms without conventional mitochondria, fewer membrane bound organelles than other protists. |
| Excavata | have an excavated groove on one side of body. clads of parabasalids and diplomads have modified mitochondria. flagella. ex giardia |
| chromalveolata | may have come via 2nd endosymbiosis. ex brown algae, plasomodium, phytophthora. |
| Rhizaria | have pseudopodia |
| pseudopodia | extensions that can bulge from any portion of the cell. used to capture prey. used for locomotion. used as index fossil when protist dies |
| Archarplastid | ex red + green algae + land plants. |
| unikonta | include amoebas with tube/lobe shaped pseudopodia. |
| Diplomonads- parabasalids | lack plastids, modified mitochondria, found in anaerobic environments |
| Mitosomes | modified mitochondria, lack functional e- transport chain therefore cannot use O2 for energy |
| How do Mitosomes get energy? | get energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways. have 2 equal sized nuclei and many flagella. many are parasites. |
| Hydrogenosomes | reduced mitochondria, generate some energy anaerobically releasing H2. has flagella with spiral or crystalline rod inside |
| Kinetoplastids | singular, large mitochondria with contained organized mass of DNA |
| Kinrtoplast | contained organized mass of DNA |
| Dinoflagellates | cells that are reinforced be cellulose plates.2flagella located in groves in this"armor" makes them spin as they move through h2o. Mixotrophic. often pink or red. have alveoli beneath plasma membrane |
| Alveoli | membrane bound sacs |
| Apicoplexans | parasites in animals. spread through sporozoites.one end contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissue. not photosynthetic but have modified plastids. sexual and asexual. |
| sporozoites | tiny infectious cells |
| apicoplast | modified plastid |
| How are apicoplast different than humans? | they went through a second endosymbiosis from prokaryotes |
| Diatoms | unicellular algae with unique glass like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix. major components of phytoplankton |
| The wall of Diatoms | 2 parts that overlap. provide effective protection from crushing jaws of predators. strength comes from the delicate lace work of holes and groves in walls |
| diatomaceous earth | area where massive accumulation of fossilized diatom walls are major constitutes of sediments. |
| oomycetes | previously classified as fungi, many have hyphae that resemble fungal hyphae, cell wall made of cellulose. convergent evolution to fungi. get nutrients through decomposers or parasites. |
| hyphae | multinucleate filaments |
| the high surface to volume ratio of filamentous structure of oomycetes does what? | enhances the uptake of nutrients from the environment |
| where did oomycetes descend from? | plastid bearing ancestors but no longer have plastids and do not perform photosynthesis. |
| slime molds | mycetozoans.once thought to be fungi. produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal. appearance between then is evolutionary convergent. are amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia. |
| Plasmodial slime molds | are amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia. brightly colored |
| plasmodium | single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by plasma membranes and contain many nuclei. have supercell. |
| supercell | product of mitotic nuclear divisions that are not followed by cytokinesis |
| Cytoplasmic streaming in plasmodium helps what? | distribute nutrients and oxygen. uses phagocytosis. |
| Cellular slime Molds feeding | are amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia. feeding stage of organism consists of solitary cells that function individually. when there is no food the cells aggregate and work as a single unit. |
| Cellular slime Molds | superficially resemble plasmodial slime mold the cells remain separated by the individual plasma membrane. haploid organisms. asexual. |
| Entamoebas | parasites that infect all classes of vertebrate animals and some invertebrates. |
| Opisthokonts | extremely diverse group of eukaryotes that include animals, fungi and several protists. |
| Foraminiferans | named for porous, generally multichambered shells |
| Tests | Foraminferans shell. reinforced with calcium carbonate |
| Radiolarians | Marine protists with tests fused into one delicate piece, usually made of silica. used for phagocytosis. radiate from central body. |
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ejohnson17
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