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Bio concepts 2
chapter 26 Phyogeny and tree of life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species that evolved from a common ancestor. biological field of classifying organisms and finding ancestors |
| systematics relies on what three things to infer evolutionary relationships? | fossils, molecular data, anatomical data |
| Are humans more closely related to fungi or plants? | According to DNA analysis humans are more closely related to fungi. Fungi can not make their own food while plants can. |
| What makes up a lineage? | each lineage consists of many other extinct species |
| Taxonomy involves | systematically name species, assigning similar species to a genus, extinct, extant, grouping taxa into progressively larger taxa |
| extant | currently living species |
| extinct | no longer living |
| Carolus Linnaeus | published a system of taxonomy based strictly on anatomical similarities.his system and todays often vary from each other. |
| What part of Linnaeus's system do we use today? | 2Part name for every distinct kind of organism, Hierarchical classification (taxa nested within a taxon) |
| binomial name | 2part name. First part is genus. 2nd part is an epithet unique for each species within a genus. Both parts name a species. same all around the world. |
| Hierarchical Classification | Linnaeus also introduced system for grouping species in increasingly broad group. |
| Taxonomic groups | from broadest to narrowest are domain, kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus, species. |
| Taxon | Taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy |
| Taxa are | more inclusive than species that are not biologically comparable across lineages. |
| What does systematists depict | evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees consisting of many taxa related to each other at varying degrees. |
| idae at the end means that the name is a what? | family |
| Phylogenic tree | represents one hypothesis about evolutionary relationships. each branch represents a lineage of evolved species. each lineage has unique derived traits. |
| Node | a branch point on a phylogenic tree. represents divergence of initially two new species from single ancestral species. |
| sister taxa share what? | immediate common ancestor |
| Basal taxon/clad | most like original ancestor. |
| Monophyletic | valid clad. one ancestor and all descendants |
| Polyphyletic | not a valid clad. 2 or more ancestors |
| paraphyletic | not a valid clad. missing descendants. |
| When comparing an organisms with its ancestor what is seen? | they share derived traits. |
| Shared ancestral trait | one that originated in an ancestor of a clad |
| shared derived character | evolutionary novelty unique to particular lineage or clad. |
| can a character be ancestral and derived? | yes. depends on context. |
| Out group | species or taxon that is closely related to but not part of in group.diverged from ancestral lineage before in group did. |
| Systematists compare what? | each in group taxa with out group to distinguish between shared derived traits and shared ancestral traits. |
| Systematists limit what? | possibilities by applying principle of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood |
| Maximum parsimony | assumes that cladogram that requires fewest evolutionary events is most likely but not necessarily correct |
| Maximum likehood | given certain rules about how DNA changes over time there is a phylogenic tree to represent the hypothesis. |
| homologus structures | have same ancestral origin. detail resemblance |
| analogous structures | superficial resemblance, often similar function, independent evolution |
| clade | a group of species that includes an ancestral species and ALL its descendants. clades can be nested in larger clades. |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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