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SLS Bio12 Digestion
SLS Bio12 Digestion JW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | The process of absorbing or assimilating substances into cells or across the tissues and organs through diffusion or osmosis |
| Anaerobic Bacteria | Bacteria that are capable of living in the absence of molecular oxygen |
| Anus | Anus is the opening found at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid or semi solid waste material exits the body. It is surrounded by important muscles which control bowel emptying and is lined with sensitive skin |
| Appendix | a worm-shaped process projecting from the blind end of the caecum |
| Bile | A greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| Capillary | The smallest vessels which contain oxygenated blood. The capillaries, allowing red blood cells to travel in single file, are responsible for delivering oxygen to the tissues on a cellular level |
| Cardiac Sphincter | The valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction |
| Chemical Digestion | The process in which chemicals in the body separate large food molecules into smaller ones so they can pass through the wall of the intestine |
| Digestive Enzyme | Enzymes that are utilised in the digestive system, enzymes that are hydrolases of macromolecules (e.g., amylases, proteinases) |
| Digestive Tract | Passageway of food that begins at the mouth down to the throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and finally to the anus |
| Duodenum | The first or proximal portion of the small intestine, extending from the pylorus to the jejunum, so called because it is about 12 fingerbreadths in length |
| Emulsification | Emulsification is the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller and uniformly distributed particles by use of bile acids. It may also be the process of dispersing one liquid in a second liquid where the two liquids are immiscible |
| Epiglottis | A cartilaginous lidlike appendage which closes the glottis while food or drink is passing while food or drink is passing through the pharynx |
| Esophagus | The passage between the pharynx and the stomach esophagus |
| Gall Bladder | A digestive organ which stores bile (produced in the liver), used in the digestion and absorption of fats in the duodenum. A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion |
| Gastric Juice | The acidic digestive fluid secreted by various glands in the stomach lining into the lumen of the stomach, primarily for the partial digestion of food |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Solutions of hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is present endogenously as the acid component of gastric juice |
| Insulin | A polypeptide hormone found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. |
| Intestinal Juice | Clear to pale yellow, watery secretion composed of hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus, and neutralizing substances released from the glands and mucous-membrane lining of the small and large intestines (neutralizers) |
| Lacteals | Any of numerous minute intestinal lymph-carrying vessels that convey chyle from the intestine to lymphatic circulation and thereby to the thoracic duct |
| Large Intestine (colon) | Also called the colon, this structure has 6 major divisions: caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum |
| Lipase | Water-soluble enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of lipids, thereby breaking down fats into glycerol and free fatty acids |
| Liver | solid organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The liver plays a major role in metabolism, digestion, detoxification and elimination of substances from the body |
| Maltase | An enzyme, present in saliva and pancreatic juice, that catalyzes the breakdown of maltose and similar sugars to form glucose. |
| Microvillus | Any of the minute hairlike structures projecting from the surface of certain types of epithelial cells, especially those of the small intestine. |
| Nuclease | An enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. |
| Pancreas | The head of the pancreas is encircled by the duodenum and its tail touches the spleen. It secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, in addition to pancreatic enzymes involved in the digestion of fats and proteins in the small intestine |
| Pancreatic Amylase | An enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breaking down) of starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides into more simple and readily usable forms of sugar. It cleaves the α (1-4) glycosidic linkages |
| Pancreatic Juice | A fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important for breaking down starches and proteins and fats.An alkaline secretion originating from the pancreas which is sent to the duodenum for digestive purposes |
| Pepsin | A proteolytic enzyme in the gastric juice of birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals that partially digest dietary proteins into simpler, shorter chains of amino acids such as proteoses and peptones in the presence of hydrochloric acid |
| Pepsinogen | An inactive enzyme released by the parietal cells in the gastric pits of stomach |
| Peptidase | Any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis |
| Peristalsis | The wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs provided with both longitudinal and circular muscle fibres propel their contents. It consists of a wave of contraction passing along the tube for variable distances |
| pH | A scale ranging from 0 to 14 ph units, reflecting the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution |
| Pharynx | The cavity at the back of the mouth.The pharynx opens into the esophagus at the lower end. The passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone |
| Physical Digestion | The physical digestion has to do with the breakdown of food through physical means. The process involves grinding of food with the help of teeth. The chemical digestion involves splitting of molecules such as carbohydrates and fats |
| Protease | A proteinase which is any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein. Any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis |
| Pyloric Sphincter | A ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum |
| Rectum | The last portion of the large intestine (colon) that communicates with the sigmoid colon above and the anus below |
| Salivary Amylase | An enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breaking down) of starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides into more simple and readily usable forms of sugar. It cleaves the α (1-4) glycosidic linkages |
| Salivary Gland | The salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. They produce enzymes that aid in the breakdown of starches |
| Salivary Juice/saliva | In man the saliva is a more or less turbid and slighty viscid fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands |
| Small Intestine | The small intestine is composed of three sections: duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| Sodium Bicarbonate | Carbonic acid monosodium salt. A white, crystalline powder that is used as an electrolyte replenisher and systemic alkaliser |
| Stomach | The stomach produces gastric juice (acidic) which serves to breakdown proteins. An enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion |
| Swallowing | To take into the stomach; to receive through the gullet, or oesophagus, into the stomach; as, to swallow food or drink |
| Trypsin | Serine protease from the pancreas of vertebrates. Cleaves peptide bonds involving the amino groups of lysine or arginine |
| Villus | One of the minute papillary processes on certain vascular membranes; a villosity; as, villi cover the lining of the small intestines of many animals and serve to increase the absorbing surface |
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jwaslen
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