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B4.4 - Respiration

Respiration - OCR A2 Biology

QuestionAnswer
Define respiration? The process whereby energy stored in complex organic molecules is used to make ATP.
State some metabolic processes that require energy: Active transport, Secretion, Endocytosis, DNA replication, Movement, etc.
How does ATP provide energy? When it is hydrolysed, one of the Phosphate groups is removed. The energy that is released is that which kept the Phosphate groups connected to the rest of the molecule.
Define metabolism: The sum total of all the reactions within an organism.
Why are coenzymes needed in respiration? Coenzymes such as NAD are used to carry Hydrogen atoms, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. A molecule of NAD can accept 2 hydrogen atoms before it is 'reduced'.
Describe the process of Glycolysis: Glucose is Phosphorylated (2 x ATP) to become Hexose 1,6 Bisphosphate. This is split into 2 x Triose Phosphate. The 2 x TP is oxidised (2 x Reduced NAD), and produces 2 x ATP to form an intermediate compound. 2 x ATP produced again to make 2 x Pyruvate.
What are the products of Glycolysis? (Per Glucose) 2 x ATP 2 x Reduced NAD 2 x Pyruvate
Where does Glycolysis occur, and where do the other stages of respiration occur? Glycolysis: Cytoplasm Link Reaction: Mitochondrial Matrix Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inner-Mitochondrial Membrane
Describe the process of the Link Reaction: The pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenised to form Acetate. This is then picked up by Coenzyme A to form Acetyl Co A.
What are the products of the Link Reaction (Per Glucose): 2 x CO₂ 2 x Acetyl Co A 2 x Reduced NAD
Describe the process of the Krebs Cycle: The acetate joins with Oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate (6C). This is then decarboxylated (5C). Then dehydrogenated, and substrate level phosphorylation occurs. This is then decarboxylated again (4C). Dehydrogenation then occurs x 3 (= 4-Carbon still)
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle (Per Glucose): 4 x CO₂ 6 x Reduced NAD 2 x Reduced FAD 2 x ATP
How is ATP produced during Oxidative Phosphorylation? The movement of protons from the Intermembrane space to the matrix of the mitochondria turns the enzyme ATP Synthase. This forms ATP.
Where does the energy come from that is used to actively pump protons across the inner-mitochondrial membrane? As electrons are passed between electron carriers, they release energy which is then used to pump Protons across.
Why is 30 ATP molecules (the ideal yield) rarely achieved? Some protons leak across the mitochondrial membrane, reducing the number available for the Proton motive force. Some ATP is sued to actively transport Pyruvate in to the mitochondria. Some is used to move Reduced NAD into the Mitochondria.
Describe the evidence that is available to prove the theory for chemiosmosis: The build up of Hydrogen ions on one side of the membrane would be a source of potential energy. The movement of these across the membrane would provide the energy needed to form ATP from ADP and Pi.
What happens if there is no oxygen? The electron transport chain cannot function. Only Glycolysis can occur.
What does Anaerobic respiration do, that enables glycolysis to continue? It re-oxidises NAD, so that it can pick up Hydrogen ions again and allow Glycolysis to continue.
Describe Lactate Fermentation: Pyruvate accepts the Hydrogen ions from the Reduced NAD. This is catalysed by the enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase. Lactate is formed.
Describe Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form EthanAL. This is the Hydrogen acceptor, it then becomes EthanOL.
What is a respiratory substrate? An organic substance that can be used for respiration.
Out of Lipid, Carbohydrate and Protein, what molecule releases the most energy? Lipid releases almost twice as much as carbohydrate per gram.
Why do Lipids release so much energy? They are long chains of Hydro-Carbons with a Carboxylic acid group. These molecules are a source of lots of Protons for Oxidative Phosphorylation, so produce a lot of ATP.
Created by: Sparksy
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