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Physiology
Board review physio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemoreceptors in the _______ function as part of the inspiratory and expiratory control center | Medulla Oblongata |
| The medulla oblongata is sensitive to ___ and ____, while the peripheral chemoreceptors, ____ and _____ are primarily sensitive to PCO2. | CO2 and H+, carotid and aortic bodies |
| Respiration is stimulated by ______ | increased PCO2, increased H+, and low PO2 |
| The apneustic and pneumotaxic center lie in the ______, and function to _______. | Pons, limit the duration of inspiration and increase respiration rate |
| In diabetes mellitus, the body is in which state? | metabolic acidosis (inc in ketone bodies) |
| During vomiting the body is in metabolic alkalosis, what is happening to the H+ cencentration, PCO2 and respiration? | decrease in H+ and inhibited respiration causes an inc in PCO2 and inc in H+ |
| In metabolic acidosis, what is happening? | Respiration is stimulated causing you to blow off CO2, thus lowering the H+ concentration |
| Hyperventilation causes respiratory _______, low ___ and ____. | alkalosis, H+ and PCO2 |
| With hyperventilation, why breath into a bag? | Re-breathing expired air inc PCO2 and returns pH to normal |
| With hypoventilation you are experiencing respiratory ____. | acidosis (low pH) |
| The neurohypophysis is connected to the brain via what? | Supraoptic Hypophyseal Tract |
| What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? | ADH/vasopressin and Oxytocin |
| This hormone, _____, creates aquaporins in the ______ of the kidney to reabsorb H2O and inc BP | ADH, collecting duct |
| _______ causes milk let down and causes uterine contractions during labor | Oxytocin |
| What hormone stimulates milk production post partum? | Prolactin |
| The anterior pituitary is influenced in two ways, what are they? | 1. Negative feedback 2. Releasing factors from the hypothalamus |
| GH Releasing Factor is responsible for releasing what two hormones from the Anterior Pituitary? | 1. GH 2. Somatostatin |
| An increase in GH produces ____, while a decrease produces _____ | gigantism, dwarfism |
| What hormone stimulates the adrenal gland? | ACTH (Corticotropin) |
| What stimulates sperm production in males? | FSH |
| The hormone, _____, stimulates ______ to produce Testosterone | LH, interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes |
| What is responsible for ovulation in females? | LH |
| ______ hormone takes calcium out of the ____ and puts it into ______ | Calcitonin, blood, bone |
| Where is the melanocyte stimulating hormone produced? | Pars Intermedia |
| The ______ cells of the thyroid produce its major hormone ______, that functions to regulate metabolism | parafollicular, calcitonin |
| The major horm from the thyroid is ______, but the active form in the body is _____ | Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| Decreased TH in children produces ____, while in adults it produces _____ | cretin, myedema |
| Graves disease is related to an ______ in TH | increased |
| Parathyroid hormone ______ blood calcium, _____ reabsorption of phosphate | increases, decreases |
| What hormone takes Ca out of bone and puts it in blood? | PTH/Parathyroid hormone/Parathorome |
| A decrease in PTH causes ____ while an increase causes ______ | muscle twitching/tetany, BP |
| From the capsule to the medulla, name the layers of the adrenal cortex and the major hormone that they produce. | capsule 1. Zona Glomerulosa: Aldosterone 2. Zona Fasciculata: Cortisol 3. Zona Reticularis: Androgens medulla |
| What hormone is increased with osteitis fibrosa cystica? | PTH |
| Aldosterone _____ Na excretion and ____ K+ excretion in the distal tubule of the kidneys | reduces, increases (aka reabsorbs Na and H2O, excrete K+) |
| Low calcium would affect the ___ gland while high calcium affects the ____ gland | parathyroid, thyroid |
| What energy sources is cortisol involved in the metabolism of? This causes your blood sugar to ___ and your WBC count to ____ | carbohydrate, fats, proteins stay up/raise, drop |
| The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produces | Oxytocin |
| The adrenal medulla is derived from ______ and secretes _______ | neural crest cells, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) |
| NE and Epi are secreted in response to _____ and function to _______ | sympathetic stimulation, raise blood sugar from the liver |
| Somatostatin is a horm that is produced in two places, ___ and ____, causing the inhibition of separate hormones | 1. hypothalamus (inh GH) 2. delta cells of the pancreas (inh insulin, glucagon, gastrin, secretin, renin) |
| A peptide hormone, ______, is formed in the liver to mediate the affects of GH on _______ | Somatomedin, cartilage |
| FSH stimulates the ______ to produce what hormone? | ovarian follicle, Estrogen |
| Progesterone is produced by the _____ functioning to _____ | corpus luteum, 1.inc uterine lining 2. inc body temp |
| Estrogen is high during the ___ stage of the menstrual cycle while progesterone is high during ______ stage. | Proliferative phase (1st stage) Secretory/ 2nd stage (after ovulation) |
| The pancreas produces what three hormones and from what cells? | 1. Insulin from beta cells 2. Glucagon from alpha cells 3. Somatostatin from delta cells |
| Which hormone is also called the thermogenic hormone? | Progesterone (for its ability to inc body temp) |
| The ______ plexus is in the muscular layer of the GI tract while the _____ plexus is in the sumucosa. | Myenteric/Auerbach Meissner |
| Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with this form of amylase | Ptyalin |
| ______ cells produce HCL which then stimulates ____ cells to produce pepsinogen | Parietal cells, Chief cells (the chief drinks pepsi) |
| This substance is involved with the absorption of vit B12 and is produced by parietal cells in the stomach | Intrinsic factor |
| Gastrin, which increases _______ secretions, is released from what cells? | gastric, mucosa cells of the stomach |
| How does secretin influences the pancreas, duodenum and the stomach? | 1. Stimulates the flow of pancreatic juices (amylase & lipase) 2. buffers acid chyme 3. decreases gastric motility |
| These hormone is released from the small intestine in response to fat in the diet. | CCK Cholecystokinin and enterogastrone |
| What are two hormones that close the pyloric sphincter? | enterogastrone and CCK |
| What two hormones break down proteins that are activated by Enterokinase? | Trypsin and chymotrypsin |
| What hormone causes the contraction of the gall bladder and stops the action of gastrin? | CCK (to digest fats!) |
| What structure in the kidney filters blood? | Glomerulus |
| What is the fate of proteins and glucose in the blood when it is filtered? | Proteins don't pass through (ALL amino acids are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule) Glucose can pass through |
| The Loop of Henle has two separate affects on water, what are they? | Descending limb: Osmotic P moves water into interstitial ts Ascending limb: impermeable to water |
| Sodium is normally reabsorbed in three areas, what are they and what is the main one? | Prox tubule (most) Ascending limb Distal tubule |
| What promotes reabsorption at the peritubular capillaries? | 1. Colloid osmotic pressure 2. Hydrostatic pressure |
| Where is the most Cl- absorbed? | Prox tubule |
| K+ and H+ are normally secreted at the ______ | distal tubule |
| Where is the most water and glucose reabsorbed? | Prox tubule |
| Interlobar artery flows into the ______, that detects a decrease in blood ___ and ____ | Afferent arteriole, pressure and volume |
| Aldosterone has the most affect at which part of the kidney? | distal tubule |
| Renin is released in response to ____, by ______ into the blood | decreased BP and blood volume, JG cells |
| The liver produces ______ that is cleaved by renin into angiotensin I | Angiotensionogen |
| The enzyme ____ in the _____ cleaves Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II | ACE/Angiotensin converting enzyme, lung |
| What is the function of Angiotensin II? | 1. Stim thirst 2. VC vessels 3. Stim ADH 4. St adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa |
| Where does the substance urine officially start? | collecting ducts |
| The major caylx flows into _____, which flows into the renal pelvis | renal sinus (minor caylx -> major caylx -> renal sinus -> renal pelvis -> ureter) |
| Blood flows from the glomerulus into what? | Efferent arteriole |
| This is a law that states that anterior spinal roots are motor and dorsal are sensory | Bell Mangendie |
| In Boyles law, for a volume of gas one variable remains constant while two others vary inversely | at constant temp, a volume of gas varies inversely with pressure |
| The majority of carbon dioxide is found in what form? | HCO3 bicarbonate ion (70%) |
| Charles law states what? | at constant pressure, a volume of gas varies directly with absolute pressure |
| the solubility of gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas is what law? | Henry |
| 23% of carbon dioxide is found in what form? | in combination with hemoglobin |
| What does ventricular pressure depend on? | muscular tension, size and shape of the heart - this is LaPlace law |
| Frank Starlings law states what? | Cardiac output is directly proportional to diastolic filling, or CO = Venous Return |
| What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood? | 7% |
| What is it called when you can not pump all of the blood out of your heart? | congestive heart failure |
| What is the most common cause of left sided heart failure? | hypertension |
| What two arteries carry de-oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary artery and Umbilical artery |
| Which vessel has the highest concentration of blood in the body? | Pulmonary vein |
| What percentage of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin? | 97% |
| How is the pacemaker of the heart stimulated to contract? | it is self excitatory (SA node is the pacemaker) |
| The pacemaker is excitatory to ________, then to the _____ which delays the impulse | internodal pathways, AV node |
| What sends an impulse to the ventricles? | Purkinje system |
| Where is the pacemaker of the heart located? | crista terminalis of the RA |
| What does the P wave represent in an EKG? | atrial depolarization (atrial contraction to get the last 30% of the blood out of the atria) Also called End diastolic filling time |
| Isovolumetric contraction is represented by what? | PR interval - impulse delayed so the ventricles can build tension |
| What represents atrial repolarization in an EKG? | nothing, it is covered up by the QRS complex |
| What represents repolarization of the papillary muscles? | U wave |
| What would it mean if your patient had an altered ST segment? | myocardial infarction/acute cardiac failure (could also cause an inverted T wave) |
| Right sided heart failure is causing backup in the IVC, where would it backup from there? | liver and legs |
| What is the most common cause of isolated right sided heart failure? | lung condition/corpulmonaly |
| How would a primary heart block show up on an EKG? | elongated PR interval |
| What is heard during the 1st heart sound? | closure of AV valves during isometric contraction |
| In an EKG, what signifies the end of systole? | Dicrotic notch |
| Tricuspid stenosis would occur in diastole or systole? | Diastole |
| What two variables would give you a persons Inspiratory Capacity? | IRV + TV (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume) |
| Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume all together would represent what? | vital capacity |
| What is your tidal volume controlled by? | pneumotaxic center |
| To take a deep breath you must shut off _____ with ______. | pneumotaxic center, apneustic center (represents TV + IRV) |
| All respiration is controlled by what? | Dorsal motor nucleus of the Vagus nerve |
| Would an aortic stenosis be diastolic or systolic? | systolic |
| Under what conditions will hemoglobin give up oxygen? | 1. inc Temp 2. inc DPG/Diphosphoglycerate 3. inc H+ 4. inc CO2 |
| In the red blood cell, water and carbon dioxide combine using what enzyme? | carbonic anhydrase |
| What should be the normal pH range of the blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| The Bohr Effect is a property of what molecule? | hemoglobin |
| A decrease in pH would cause the dissociation curve for the Bohr effect to shift in what direction? | right it shifts right when you 1. inc Temp 2. inc DPG/Diphosphoglycerate 3. inc H+ 4. inc CO2 |
| What mineral sets the threshold for nerve firing? | Calcium Ca++ controls the Na+ gates |
| The ascending phase of an action potential represents what? | Depolarization, receptors leaking Na+ into the cell |
| A receptor is in the hyperpolarized period, could it fire an action potential? | yes, but it would need an extremely large stimulus and to activate the Na/K pumps |
| What does the dorsum sellae cover? | the infundibulum/stalk from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary |
| In a relaxed muscle, what prevents actin and myosin from combining? | ATP attached to the myosin crossbridges tropomyosin-troponin attached to actin (actin and myosin combining = contraction) |
| Ca is released from the _____ at the ___ junction causing the release of _____ to the T tubules | sarcoplasmic reticulum, myoneural junction, acetylcholine |
| What is the resting membrane potential of muscle? of a neuron? | muscle -90mV neuron -70mV |
| What is the minimum current strength needed for an action potential to occur? | Rheobase |
| What are the effector cells of the parasympathetic nervous system? | muscarine (activated by ACh) |
| What brain waves would be normal in a child but abnormal in an adult? | theta |
| What brain waves do you experience during REM sleep? | beta (also during specific mental activity) |
| What brain waves are never seen during sleep in a normal adult? | alpha, only seen in quiet awake periods |
| What 4 areas are only stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system? | 1. adrenal medulla 2. erector pili muscle (hair) 3. sweat glands 4. smooth muscle of arterioles that supply periph blood vessels for VC |
| Which band within the sarcomere remains the same with contraction? | A band |
| Which band within the sarcomere disappears with contraction? | H band |
| Define a motor unit | the functional unit of muscle, consists of the alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates |
| Shortening of a muscle belly is considered what type of contraction? | concentric |
| What type of contraction produced the most strength? | Eccentric contraction, lengthening of the muscle belly |
| What color are slow twitch muscle fibers and why? | red because of a higher abundance of myoglobin |
| What is the energy source for fast twitch muscle fibers? | anaerobic glycolysis |
| Name the two exceptions to the smooth muscle is a "multiunit muscle" rule? | 1. iris of eye 2. pili erector tissue they are single unit smooth muscle |
| In smooth muscle, what is the analogous to troponin? | calmodulin |
| In a smooth muscle contraction, what enzyme binds calcium to calmodulin | myosin kinase |
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