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LD Reproduction Test
LD BIOLOGY - REPRODUCTION TEST
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| REPRODUCTION | Production of new individuals; not necessary for the life of a single organism but is necessary for the continued existence of a particular kind of organism. |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Reproduction involving only one parent. |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Method of reproduction involving two parents; offspring is different from either parent. |
| CELL DIVISION | The process by which cell reproduce. A complex series of changes in the nucleus of a cell that leads to the production of new cells. |
| MITOSIS | Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell and to each other. |
| CHROMOSOMES | Rod shaped structures within the nucleus; contains genes |
| GENES | A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries coded hereditary information; found at specific locations on chromosomes |
| MUTATIONS | A change in the DNA sequence of a gene or a change in structure of a chromosome. |
| RADIATION | Energy emissions in the form of rays or waves; some may by harmful. |
| CANCER | A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division. |
| REPLICATE | Duplication of DNA or chromosomes |
| MEIOSIS | Type of cell division in which the daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes found in the parent cell; occurs only in gamete formation. |
| SEX CELLS | A reproductive cell; male cell is called the sperm, female cell is the egg. |
| EGG | Female gamete or reproductive cell |
| SPERM | Male reproductive cell |
| FERTILIZATION | In sexual reproduction, process in which male and female gametes fuse, forming a zygote; restores the normal number of chromosomes. |
| MITOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | 2 daughter cells |
| MITOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | 1 cell division |
| MITOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | Chromosome number is daughter cells is that same as parent |
| MITOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | Comparing daughter and parent cells are identical |
| MEIOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | 4 daughter cells |
| MEIOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | 2 cell divisions |
| MEIOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | Chromosome number is 1/2 of parent |
| MEIOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | Comparing daughter and parent cells are different |
| MEIOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | Sexual reproduction |
| MITOSIS CHARACTERISTIC | Asexual reproduction |
| INTERPAHSE | Stage 1 of Mitosis - can see the nucleolus, uncoiled chromatin, but cannot see chromosomes |
| PROPHASE | Stage 2 of Mitosis - chromatin uncoils, chromosomes appear, chromosomes duplicate to from sister chromatids, spindle forms between centrioles, and nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear |
| METAPHASE | Stage 3 of Mitosis - chromosomes move to the middle of spindles and each sister chromatid is attached to its own spindle fiber |
| ANAPHASE | Stage 4 of Mitosis - sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of cell and each chromatid is now a chromosome |
| TELOPHASE | Stage 5 of Mitosis - cell wall pinches, nuclear membranes are formed, and two daughter cells are produced. |
| CLONING | Method of producing identical cells or organisms from a single cell or organism. |
| BINARY FISSION | Type of asexual reproduction in which parent cell divides into two daughter cells of approximately the same size. |
| BUDDING | Type of asexual reproduction in which the division of the cytoplasm is unequal and the offspring is smaller than the parent cell. |
| SPORES | Specialized asexual reproductive cells that contain a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm. Able to survive unfavorable conditions, such as extreme heat or cold for long periods of time. |
| SPORULATION | Formation of spores, occurs in Bread Mold, mushrooms, mosses and ferns. |
| REGENERATION | Development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism. Ex: Starfish, Lobster |
| VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION | Form of asexual plant reproduction where a part of a plant (root, stem, or leaf) grows into a new plant. New plant is genetically exactly the same as the parent plant. |
| RUNNERS | Stems that grow out over the surface of the soil from the existing stem. Ex: strawberries, some grasses |
| BULBS | Underground stems specialized for food storage. Food is stored in the thick leaves and each one can grow into a new plant. Ex: Onions |
| TUBERS | Underground stems that contain stored food. Ex: White potatoes |
| RHIZOMES | Long, modified stems that grow horizontally under the soil. New plants are produced at nodes along the stem. Ex: Lawn grasses, ferns, and irises |
| CUTTINGS | Pieces of roots, stems, or leaves develop into new plants under proper conditions. Ex: Roses, Sugar Cane, and Bananas |
| GRAFTING | A cutting from one plant, called the scion, is attached to the main body of a rooted plant, the stock. Scion keeps its own identity. Ex: Seedless oranges and grapes |
| YEAST | Budding in a a unicellular organism |
| HYDRA | Budding in multicellular organisms |
| METHODS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION | Runners, Bulbs, Tubers, Rhizomes, Cuttings, and Grafting |
| RECOMBINATION | New combinations of genetic materials; occurs during sexual reproduction or crossing-over of chromosomes. |
| ZYGOTE | Cell formed by union of gametes; fertilized egg |
| GAMETES | reproductive cells; sperm or egg |
| SPERMATOGENESIS | processes of sperm |
| OOGENESIS | egg formation |
| TESTES | Male reproductive organs, produce sperm |
| OVARIES | Female reproductive organ; produces eggs |
| EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION | Takes place in a water environment outside the body of the female. Ex: Fish/Amphibians |
| INTERNAL FERTILIZATION | Takes place inside of the female. Ex: Land-Dwelling vertebrates (reptiles, birds, mammals) |
| EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT | The changes the developing organism undergoes from fertilization to birth. |
| CLEAVAGE | Repeated cell division |
| EMBRYO | Developing organism |
| MORULA | Solid ball of cells are formed |
| BLASTULA | Hollow ball stage, made up of single layer cells. |
| GASTRULA | One side of the blastula pushes inward forming a second, inner, layer of cells. |
| ENDODERM | Structures formed are: Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the liver and pancreas. |
| MESODERM | Structures formed are: Muscles, circulatory system, skeleton, excretory system, testes or ovaries |
| ECTODERM | Structures formed are: Nervous system, skin, hair, nails |
| DIFFERENTIATION | Process by which embryonic cells form different types of tissues and organs |
| PRIMARY GERM LAYERS | The three cell layers formed (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm) |
| GROWTH | An increase in size and/or number of cells |
| EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT | Involves the growth of the embryo outside the body of the parent and can take place in water or on land. |
| INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT | The embryo grows inside the body of the female parent. |
| UTERUS | Muscular organ in placental mammals; place of embryonic development |
| STAMENS | Male reproductive organs of flowers |
| ANTHER | Knob-like structure located at the top that is supported by a slender stalk. Cells produce the male reproductive cells |
| FILAMENT | Slender stalk |
| POLLEN GRAINS | Male reproductive cells (sperm nuclei) are enclosed in the thick wall |
| PISTILS | Female reproductive organs of flowers and consist of a stigma, style and an ovary. |
| STIGMA | Located at the top of the pistil. Has a sticky surface, so that pollen grains will stick to it. |
| STYLE | Connects the stigma with the flower's ovary that is located at the base of the style. |
| OVULES | Ovary contains one or more of these and contains the female reproductive cells (egg nuclei) |
| POLLINATION | Transfer of mature pollen grains from the anthers of stamens to the stigma of the pistils. Can be carried out by wind or by insects, birds or other animals. |
| POLLEN TUBE | Grows down through the style and into an ovule. Is an adaptation for internal fertilization |
| SEED | Ripened ovule |
| FRUIT | Ripened ovary |
| HYPOCOTYL | Develops into the roots and in some species the lower portion of the stem |
| EPICOTYL | Forms the upper part of the stem and leaves |
| COTYLEDONS | Seed-leaves, contain nutrients for the developing plant embryo. |
| GERMINATES | Seed begins to grow. |
| TESTOSTERONE | Male sex hormone produced by testes; controls development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| ESTROGEN | Female sex hormone produced by the ovaries; regulates the development of the female secondary sex characteristics |
| PROGESTERONE | A sex hormone produced by the female ovaries |
| FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS | Development of breasts, Changes in body form, and Growth of body hair |
| MALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS | Growth of beard and body hair, Changes in body form, Lowered voice pitch |
| SCROTUM | A sac where the testes are held. It is an out-pocketing of the abdominal wall. |
| URETHRA | Sperm passes through this tube in the penis. |
| SEMEN | Mixture of fluid and sperm |
| EJACULATION | Process by which sperm passes out of the body |
| FOLLICLES | Ovaries produce eggs in these structures |
| OVULATION | Release of a mature egg from a follicle |
| FALLOPIAN TUBES | After ovulation, the egg passes through this (also, called the oviduct) |
| CERVIX | Lower end of the uterus. It opens into the vagina. |
| VAGINA | Muscular tube which leads from the uterus to the outside. Also, receives semen during intercourse. |
| FRATERNAL TWINS | Develop when two eggs are released at one time and each egg is fertilized by a different sperm. |
| IDENTICAL TWINS | Develop from one zygote that separates in half early in cleavage. |
| PLACENTA | Structure through which materials are exchanged between mother's blood and blood of fetus. |
| UMBILICAL CORD | Embryo is attached to the placenta |
| FETUS | Embryo is this after eight weeks of development |
| BIRTH | At the completion of the gestation period. |
| GESTATION | Period of time between the fertilization of the egg and the birth of the offspring. Usually nine months (approx. 266 days). |
| PREGNANCY | Period of time before birth or prenatal development. |
| POSTNATAL | Time period after birth |
| AGING | Development changes that occur in an organism from birth until death. |
| MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Cycle in human females in which the uterus is prepared for implantation of a fertilized egg. Repeats every every 28 days. |
| FOLLICLE STAGE | 10-14 days - FSH from pituitary stimulates maturation of egg in follicle. Estrogen from follicle stimulates thickening of uterine lining. |
| OVULATION | Mature egg released from follicle. FSH production inhibited by estrogen which stimulates release of LH by pituitary. |
| CORPUS LUTEUM STAGE | 10-12 days - Burst follicle develops into corpus luteum which produces progesterone. Progesterone stimulates further thickening of uterine lining. |
| MENSTRUATION | If egg is not fertilized, progesterone secretion decreases and uterine lining degenerates. Tissue and blood are discharged from body. |
| MENOPAUSE | When a females menstrual cycle ends. |
| REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY | Medical intervention in the natural processes of reproduction. |
| ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | Process by which male gametes (sperm) are collected and introduced artificially into the female reproductive tract for the purpose of fertilization. |
| IN VITRO FERTILIZATION | Fertilization of egg and sperm outside a woman's body. |
| INFERTILITY | Inability to conceive or carry a child to term. |
Created by:
desilva13
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