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BI 2020 Exam1
Microbiology: P2 Structure of Microbial Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the fundamental units of any living organisms that exhibit the basic characteristics of life | cells |
| What are some acellular microorganisms? | Viruses, virion, and prions |
| What is a prion? | folded protein/ no DNA or RNA |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is spherical bacteria called? | Coccus |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is rod or cylinder bacteria called? | Bacillus |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is short, round, bacteria called? | Coccobacillus |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is curved rod shaped bacteria called? | Vibrio |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is spiral shaped bacteria called? | Spirillum |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is helical shaped bacteria called? | Spirochete |
| Shapes of ProK cells: what is bacteria that are able to vary their shape called? | Pleomorphic |
| What is the prefix for a chain of bacterial cells? | strepto- *i.e.Streptococcus |
| What is the prefix for a cluster of bacterial cells? | staphylo- *i.e.Staphylococcus |
| What are the necessary parts of a ProK cell? | Chromosome (DNA), ribosomes, cytoplasm, Nucleoid, and Cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall (in all but one) |
| What are optional parts of a ProK cell? | Glycocalyx(capsule or slime layer), Pilli, Flagella, Cell Wall |
| What is a unique component of bacterial cell walls? | Peptidoglycan |
| What are the two options a Glycocalyx can take on? | Capsule or slime layer |
| What are characteristics of a capsule? | Made of polysaccharides and is firmly attaches |
| What are characteristics of a slime layer? | Made of glycoprotein and is loosely attached |
| What is one kind of bacterium that does not have a cell wall? | Mycoplasma |
| What are the two glucose derivatives found in Peptidoglycan? | NAG and NAM |
| What is the purpose of a bacterial cell wall? | Structure, strength, and shape |
| In the PTG layer, how are the subunits held together? | By a string of 4 amino acids - tetrapeptide |
| Does the NAG-NAM chain exist in Gram+ and Gram- bacteria? | Yes |
| How are the NAG-NAM linked? | Glycosidic Bonds |
| T or F: the Tetrapeptide chain exists only in Gram + bacteria | False. Both G+ and G- bacteria have the tetrapeptide chain |
| How does the G+ PTG layer differ from the G-? | Contains peptide interbridge, the layer is much thicker in G+, exposed to the extracellular space, easy target for antibiotics |
| How does Penicillin work? | Prevents cross-linking of glycan chains by tetrapeptides |
| What colors are G+ and G- bacteria stained with the Hans Gram stain | G+ is purple and G- is pink/red |
| Why do basic dyes stain cells and not the background? | carry positive charge, and DNA is overall negative |
| Why do acidic dyes generally stain the background (and not the cell)? | Carry a negative charge and are repelled by cell structures and are repelled |
| What are the 4 steps of the gram staining proces? | (1)primary stain (2)mordent-iodine (3)Decolorizer (4)Counter or Secondary stain |
| what are characteristics of a bacterial cytoplasmic membrane? | thin fluid structure, surrounds cytoplasm, defines boundary, serves as semipermeable barrier, proteins are embedded |
| what are 3 kinds of surface appendages? | Flagella, axial filament, pili |
| What is a long, thin protein extension for free directional movement in an aqueous environment? | Flagella |
| T or F: a flagella is usually longer than the organism | True |
| What is a Monotrichous flagella? | One |
| What is a Lophotichous flagella? | One tuft |
| what is amphitrichous flagella? | two ends |
| What is peritrichous flagella? | FLAGELLA EVERYWHERE |
| How fast can some flagella move the bacterium? | 82 mph! Or 100,000 rev/min |
| Does the G- or G+ have more anchors into the cell wall? | Gram -; Gram + only has the M and S rings |
| What winds around the organism with overlappin in the middle? | axial filaments |
| what do axial filaments aid in? | movement |
| What are short, fine appendages, that have no role in motility? | pilli |
| What do pilli do? | allow bacteria to adhere to solid surfaces//sex pilus/f.pilus allows for DNA transfer |
| What is the difference between the chromosome and plasmid? | Chromosome: contains all essential genetic information // plasmid: not vital information |
| lacZ gene produces which protein? | beta-gal |
| the Beta-gal protein catalyzes which substrate? | X-gal (white/colorless --> blue product) |
| Why is an amipilicilin resistant gene inserted into the lacZ gene as well? | -so it can grow in an ampicilin plate -makes sure DNA was inserted |
| What are the components of an endospore? | Core (contains vital information); Coretex (modified cell wall); Coats (several impermeable layers) |
Created by:
savelae
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