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Bio 100 Final
Craig Martin- University of Kansas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Full Intercellmass Removal of Stem-cells (FIRS) | Take cells and inject them into people w/ health problems Pros: Easy to get Cons: technically killing an embryo, and rejection |
| Partial Intercellmass Removal of Stem-cells (PIRS) | Only take some ICM and use them for medical purposes and replace other half w/ other cells Pros: Easy to get/ grow Cons: Ethics?, Immune rejection |
| Therapeutic Cloning of Stem-cells (TCS) | Get eggs from donor and take out nucleus and take skin cell of a man (take out his nucleus and put skin nucleus into egg) becomes zygote Pros: Easy to get, no immune problems Cons: Ethics? hard to get eggs, difficult technique (making artificial embryo) |
| Inter-Species Therapeutic Cloning of Stem-cells (ITCS) | Takes eggs from a different species (still make zygote completely human) Pros: easy to get Cons: Ethics, farming animals for eggs, have DNA and Mitochondria thats not human inside of you |
| Induced Pluripotent Stem-cells (IPS) | 4 genes create zygote when turned on(Cut nucleus w/ 4 genes, put into skin cell, genes turn on, create a zygote); determination in early blasocyst to make differentiated ICM in trophoblast; P: easy to get, no immune issues Cs: 1 out of 4 genes cancerous |
| RNA Induced Pluripotent Stem-cells (RIPS) | Put RNA in gene and skip DNA (gene converted into RNA> Converted into protein) only 2 steps instead of 3 Pros: cheaper, faster, safer Cons: difficult to control when 4 proteins being made |
| Protein Induced Pluripotent Stem-cells (PIPS) | Virus is doing other things to make proteins, mimicked what they do to the cell, 4 raw proteins make zygote |
| Multipotent Stem-cells (MTS) | Pros: no ethics, not making anything near embryo, works well in proper tissue/ organ Cons: Not as good for medical use, not pluripotent and difficult to grow |
| Determination | Caused by aching different in gastrula, contact inhibition of cell division (can cause cancer) |
| Neighboring Effect | Cells outside and inside have different fat content (influence determination) |
| Organ Development | Cell division (amount)> cell division (direction)> cell migration (only in animals)> osmosis> apoptosis (cell suicide) |
| Accumulated Damage Hypothesis (ADH) | Past damages, illnesses, injuries, pathogens that have happened to your body in the past |
| Excess Caloric Intake Hypothesis (ECIH) | Healthy diet= excess caloric intake Starvation= pro longs life (up-regulates gene that stores fat) Starvation= decreases cell division in tumors |
| Immune System Decline Hypothesis (ISDH) | Ability to fight off pathogens declines w/ age |
| Hormone Change Hypothesis (HCH) | HGH declines with age; as we change growth promoting hormones declines |
| Toxin Accumulation Hypothesis (TAH) | Toxins made by cells Superoxide- destroys fats, proteins, and kills cells Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)- Enzyme destroys the superoxide toxic compound and turns it into water (Not harmful) |
| Senescent Cell Accumulation Hypothesis (SCAH) | Cells that heal wounds, etc; will die w/ age When dying senescing= toxins being released= inflammation |
| Loss of Genes through Mutation Hypothesis (LGMH) | Exposure to UV, Exposure to carcinogens in environment, mistakes during cell division, as you age your ability to repair damages genes declines |
| Loss of Genes through Telomere Depletion Hypothesis (LGTDH) | When a chromosme divides the end is cut off 50 cell divisions before you start losing genes Telomerase= makes/ repairs telomeres; many cancers turn telomerase on |
| Down regulations of Longevity Gene Hypothesis | 1. Membrane transporter 2. Respiration enzymes 3. Regulation of sugar (up regulate= live longer, down regulate=death) |
| Inheritance | Transmission of information past down from one generation to another |
| Pan-genesis (Hypothesis about inheritance) | The sperm and egg had little pieces of you, when fertilized pieces joined and made you |
| Homunculus Theory | The sperm had a little baby in it or the egg did, which ever didn't have the baby the other influenced the other (gave some traits to) |
| Blending Theory | Information in sperm and egg joined to make zygote (info blended) -If blending theory was correct after a while everyone would look alike -White flower + white flower= pink flower (not always correct) |
| Gregor Mendel | -Monk -28,000 pea mâtina (crossing) over 7 years -Discovered how inheritance works -Hawk weed data not conclusive |
| Principle 1 of Gregor Mendel (Segregation) | For every trait/ feature/ characteristics you get 2 hereditary factors (one from father, one from mother), during fertilization the person has 2 hereditary factors -The factors of mother and father passed down (not yours) |
| Principle 2 of Gregor Mendel (Dominance) | Every trait has 2 form/ 2 types of herediatry factors possible -One is dominant one is recessive - Dominant ones determines out come |
| Principle of Independent Assortment | The way you inherit hereditary factors for one trait, doesn't affect which you get hereditary factor for another trait |
| Gene Allele Locus | General information about a trait thats inherited (goal is to make a protein) Specific information about a trait (hereditary factor) Location of a gene on a chromosome |
| Genotype Phenotype Polygenic | Allelic composition of an individual for a gene (some or all genes) Physical or Chemical expression of genotype EX: hair and eyes- (controlled by many genes) |
| Homozygous Heterozygous | Same alleles for a gene Different alleles for a gene |
| Complete Dominance Incomplete Dominance | Genes with 2 or more dominant genes One dominant one recessive |
| Mitosis | Stem cell dividing into 2 cells (perfect copy) |
| Chromosome | Protein that hold DNA together and sometimes controls what genes are being used |
| Meiosis | Sex cells combine |
| Protein | Made up of amino acids |
| Transcription | Deliver message to cytosol, to make MRNA MRNA= one strand (leaves nucleus to make protein in cytosol) DNA= double stranded |
| Codon | 3 bases in ribosome (strand of MRNA) |
| Anti-Codon | 3 bases on TRNA (other end has amino acids and transfers it to ribosomes) |
| Evolution | Substantial Change in Allelic frequency of a population or a species Mutation coupled with natural selection causes evolution Immi/emigration causes evolution natural selection cause evolution |
| Environmental Changes- - Abiotic -Biotic | Non- biological (global warming) Biological (another organism involved) |
Created by:
ncleocnnr
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