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Biology Midterm
Biology 10th
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List 6 characteristics of life | Composed of 1 or more cells Have a genetic code Evolve Homeostasis Growth 6. develop (maturation, go through stages) |
| List the 6 steps in the scientific method | observing & asking questions making inferences. conducting controlled experiment collecting and analyzing data drawing conclusions retest |
| Scientists use their _______ to make observations | senses |
| What is observation? | Act of noticing |
| What is an inference? | based on what scientists already know |
| What is an hypothesis? | Scientific explanation for a set of observations |
| What is an experiment? | Trial to test a certain thing |
| What part of the experiment is the variable | Controlled Experiment |
| How man variables should there be in a good experiment | Only 1 |
| What is the purpose of having a control in a experiment? | Allows the experimenter to show that it was the variable that caused the results |
| Independent variable? | Deliberately changes |
| Dependent Variable? | Responds to the independent variable |
| Where is the independent variable? | X horizontal rows |
| Where is the dependent variable? | Y columns |
| The best experiments make ______ trials with the independent variable | Several |
| What is data? | Detailed records of experimental observations |
| What are the two types of data? | Quantitative and qualitative |
| What does quantitative data deal with? | Numbers |
| To be useful, collected data must be ______ | Qualitative |
| What are three ways of organizing data? | Charts tables graphs |
| What is the conclusion of an experiment? | Answers the hypothesis |
| Why do scientists have their experiments reviewed by other scientists? | To be verified for accuracy |
| What makes up everything in the universe? | Matter |
| 2 properties of all matter? | Mass & weight |
| What is mass? | Quantity of matter an object has |
| How does weight differ from mass? | Weight is pull Mass is quantity |
| What are elements? | Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically |
| 4 elements that make up most of a living thing? | Hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen |
| What represents an element? | Symbol |
| What is the smallest part of an element? | Atom |
| What are two main regions of an atom? | Structure and properties |
| Where is the nucleus? What does it contain? | Central core. Most of the mass of the atom |
| Charge of proton? Charge of Neutron? | Positive proton negative neutron |
| All atoms of the same element have the _____ number of protons | Same |
| What does the number of protons in an atom determine? | Atomic Number |
| What is the charge on an electron? | Negative |
| Do all atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons? | No |
| What are isotopes? | Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons |
| Where is the mass of an atom centered? | Nucleus |
| What is the atomic mass? | The number of protons + neutrons in an atom |
| What atomic particle has a negative charge? | Electron |
| Why inst the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element | They travel at different speeds |
| Where are electrons found? | Orbitals |
| Which electron in an atom has the most energy? | The one in the outer energy levels |
| How many electrons will each energy level hold? | 2-8-8 |
| Horizontal rows contain # of energy levels | Periods |
| Vertical columns, outermost # of valence electrons | Families |
| Two or more elements combined together make a? | Compound |
| Smallest part of a compound? | Molecule |
| What tells the number of atoms of each element? | Subscripts |
| In a formula what tells the number of molecules? | Coefficient |
| The outermost ____________ in elements determine if they will combine | Energy levels |
| Elements with _____ outer energy levels are stable and wont react | Filled |
| Chemical _________ represent chemical reactions | Equations |
| What appears on the right of the equation? | Products |
| What appears on the left of the equation? | Reaction |
| What do chemical bonds store? | Energy |
| How do covalent bonds form? | When 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons |
| How do ions form? | By loosing or gaining electrons |
| Positive ions _____ electrons while negative ions ______ electrons? | Positive loose and Negative gain |
| How are ionic bonds formed? | When 1 or more electrons transferred from 1 to another |
| What energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter? | Heat energy |
| In reactions what much the amount of product be to the amount of reactants? | Equal |
| Where does most of an organisms energy come from? | Sugars in foods |
| What reactions release energy? | Exergonic |
| What is an example of an exergonic reaction in cells? | Cell respiration |
| Which reactions store energy? | Endergonic |
| What is an example of an endergonic reaction in a cell | Photosynthesis |
| ______ energy is the energy needed to start a reaction | Activation |
| Catalysts ______ the amount of activation energy needed | Lowers |
| Catalysts in organisms are called ______ and are proteins | Enzymes |
| Enzymes act on substrate which joins where? | The active site |
| Can enzymes be reused in a reaction? | Yes |
| What is dissolved in the solvent in a solution | Solute |
| What is the universal solvent? | Water |
| What solutions have water as the solvent? | Aqueous |
| What do acids produce? | Hydroxide ions |
| What does the PH scale do? | Measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes from 0-14 |
| From 0-7 are | Acidic |
| A Ph of 7 is | Neutral |
| Above 7 to 14 are | Basic |
| What are 6 properties of water? | Cohesion Adhesion Heat capacity Vaporization Water is less dense as a solid Homeostasis |
| What is polarity? | Gives the water ability to dissolve in both ionic compounds and other polar molecules |
| What is a polar compound? | Molecule in which charges are unequally distributed |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | Attraction between 1 hydrogen atom on 1 water |
| Cohesion? | Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion? | Attraction between molecules of different substances |
| What is capillary? | Forces that draw water out of the root of plants and up into its stems and leaves |
| What does all organic compounds contain? | Carbon |
| 3 elements found most often in organic compounds? | Carbon hydrogen and oxygen |
| "Building Blocks" | Monomers |
| Large organic molecules | Polymers |
| Made of smaller molecular subunits | Macromolecules |
| What is condensation reaction | Reaction wen water molecules is removed to build polar molecule and forms polymers combining monomers removing water |
| What is Hydrolysis reaction? | reaction when something is split water is added back and separates monomers by adding water |
| What is ATP? Stand for? | Adenine Triphosphate Energy is used to carry out chemical reactions |
| Carbohydrates? | Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules |
| Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharide | One Two Many |
| Lipids? | Not soluble in water "hydrophobic" stores most energy |
| 6 functions of lipids? | Long term energy storage Protection against heat loss Protection against physical shock Protection against water loss Chemical messengers Major components of membranes |
| Nucleic Acid? | Composed of 2 or more subunits Globular shapes |
| DNA? | double helix |
| RNA? | Single stranded |
| Virchow? | Stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Leeuwenhoek? | First to observe living organism under the microscope |
| Schleiden? | Said plants are made of one or more cells |
| Hooke? | Observed cork ells (cella) |
| Schwann? | Said animals are made up of one or more cells |
| 3 parts of the cell theory? | All living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things New cells are produced from existing organisms |
| "icebergs floating in a lipid sea"? | Icebergs are the proteins in the lipid sea |
| 3 components of the cell membrane? | Lipids proteins cholesterol |
| Group of proteins that span the cell membrane | Integral Proteins |
| Group of proteins that are found along the surfaces of the cell membrane | Peripheral proteins |
| Rigid structure used for protection | cell wall |
| Made of double layered sheet membrane | Cell membrane |
| Contains codes for instructions on making proteins and other molecules | Nucleus |
| Has many pores to allow things in and out | Nuclear envelope |
| Located in the nuclear envelope to let things in and out | Nuclear pores |
| Small dense region in the nuclei | Nucleolus |
| Helps organize cell division | Centrioles |
| "Power house" Coverts chemical energy into compounds that are convent or plants | Mitochondria |
| Synthesis of proteins | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Small particle of protein or RNA in cytoplasm | Ribosomes |
| Come from golgi apparatus ship in and out cell | Vesicles |
| Looks like flattened stack of membranes | Golgi apparatus |
| No ribosomes. Enzymes located here | Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Captured energy from sunlight to convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis | Chloroplasts |
| Large sac like membrane enclosed structure for storage | Vacuole |
| Cytoplasm? | Portion of the cell outside of the nucleus |
| Lysosomes? | Break down lipids proteins carbs into small molecules used by the rest of the cell |
| Helps maintain shape | Cytoskeleton |
| Made of proteins help maintain shape and important in cell division | Microtubule |
| Help cell swim rapidly | Flagella |
| Projections on a cells surface that help it move fast in water | Cilia |
| Store carbohydrates energy as starch | Plant cells |
| Store carbohydrates energy as glycogen | Animal cells |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Small No nucleus Simple |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Large Has nucleus Complex |
| Substances are moved across membrane from region of higher concentration | Passive mechanisms of transport |
| 4 types of Pass transport | Simple diffusion Channel Mediated Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Tonicity |
| No membrane, Proteins involved. Molecules move from region og higher concentration | Simple diffusion |
| Ions move from greater to lesser concentration across the cell membrane | Channel Mediated Simple Diffusion |
| Movement of substances across the cell membrane from higher to lesser | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Ability of surrounding solutions to gain or loose water | Tonicity |
| Water moves into cell and cell swells with water | Hypotonic |
| Water moves from cell surrounding solution | Hypertonic |
| Water will continue to move in and out cell | Isotonic |
Created by:
kirsten.pink21
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