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DNA& Gene Expression
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genetic engineering | the process of manipulating genes by changing DNA sequence |
| advantages of genetic engineering for farmers | producing cows with high milk yield, pest-resistant crops, and high yield crops |
| what is the purpose of the human genome project | map the location of all the genes on the human chromosomes |
| dna fingerprinting | when the dna is cut with restriction enzymes and separated by a process called electrophoresis |
| how is dna fingerprinting used in criminal investigations | to distinguish dna from different individuals |
| recombinant dna | what is produced after splicing the donor gene in the process of producing insulin, it is combining 2 DNA's from different organisma |
| donor gene | the gene of interest in the process of genetic engineering |
| how are bacteria being genetically engineered to benefit humans | to manipulate genes by changing DNA sequence(produce products like insulin, growth hormones, vaccines) and to correct defective genes that cause genetic disorders (gene therapy) |
| cloning | the asexual reproduction of cells to produce identical cells |
| what are plasmids and how are they used | circular pieces of self-replicating DNA found in bacteria that carries several genes. they are used to carry the antibiotic resistance gene which serves as a genetic marker |
| how do restriction enzymes work | they recognize specific base sequence and cut DNA at specific sites |
| polymerase chain reaction | makes multiple copies of DNA using the enzyme DNA polymerase and depxyribonucleotides |
| how do you produce bacteria to make insulin | isolate the donor gene, then paste the donor gene into a plasmid to produce recombinant dna then put the recombinant dna into bacteria then let the bacteria reproduce and produce human insulin |
| genetic marker and what is commonly used as a genetic marker | gene carried by a plasmid & antibiotic resistance gene |
| inbreeding | crossing two sibling organisms with the same traits |
| what are dna fragments separated by | electrophoresis |
| selective breeding | crossing two organisms to get a certain desired trait |
| promoter | the binding site for rna polymerase |
| point mutation | mutation at one base |
| what is point mutation caused by | substitution (insertion or deletion) of a base |
| genes carry the instructions or proteins or _______? | polypeptides |
| codon | the triplet of bases decoded on the mRNA in the process of translation |
| anticodon | a triplet of bases on tRNA that is complementary to the codon |
| where are codons found | on mRNA |
| where are anticodons found | on tRNA |
| intron | a noncoding region between exons (intervening), and theyre not expressed |
| exon | a coding region of gene on dna that are expressed into proteins |
| where are introns and exons located | within genes |
| transcription | the process of copying DNA to make mRNA, it occurs in the the nucleus |
| what are the three main types of RNA | mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal) |
| what does mRNA do | carries code from DNA to ribosome |
| what does tRNA do | brings correct amino acid to the ribosome by decoding the message on the mRNA |
| what does rRNA do | combines with proteins to make ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis |
| what are the main differences between DNA and RNA | RNA has uracil (U), and RNA can carry out protein synthesis |
| DNA replication the DNA replicates so each daugher cell recieves one whole set of DNA, occurs in S-phase | the DNA replicates so each daugher cell recieves one whole set of DNA, occurs in S-phase |
| base pairing rule | aka Chargaff's rule, says that A=T and G=C, because A always pairs with T and G pairs with C by hydrogen bonding |
| bacteriaophage | a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing it |
| Griffith | process of transformation |
| Avery | DNA is the forming principle |
| Hershey and Chase | DNA is inherited by offspring not protein, and that DNA is herditary |
| Watson and Crick | DNA is double helix |
| Rosalind Franklin | suggested DNA is single helix |
| Transformation | the change in traits of an organism by taking in foreign DNA, cell takes in DNA from outside the cell |
| hybrid | the offspring of two plants or animals of different species |
| 2 examples of selective breeding | to produce cows to yield more milk and to produce dogs with desirable traits |
| frameshift change | the reading sequence of bases change |
| enzyme | protein coded by DNA that speeds up a reaction |
| one codon has ____ bases | 3 |
| one codon has _____ bases | 1 |
| before mRNA enters the cytoplasm, ______ and cut off and _____ are joined together | introns and exons |
| product of transcription | mRNA |
| product of translation | protein/polypeptide |
| what do ribosomes hold together | mRNA and tRNA |
| what carries out transcription | RNA polymerase |
| what carries out DNA replication | DNA polymerase |
| what are the building blocks of DNA | genes |
| what are the building blocks of RNA | ribosomes |
| Purines | the 2 larger bases with 2 rings(adenine and guanine) |
| Pyrimidines | the smaller bases with 1 ring (thymine and cytosine) |
| what is a nucleotide made up of | sugar, phosphate,and a base |
| what suagr does DNA have | DEOXYRIBOSE |
| what sugar does RNA have | ribose |
| selective breeding is used to produce ____ ____ in an offspring | desired traits |
| dolly was produced from a single ______ cell, therefore she was a clone | somatic |
Created by:
Emk17
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