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Biology Lobster Test
Dr. Thomas Bio Test on 7.4/8.1/8.2/8.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four levels of organization in cells | Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems |
| Four main types of tissue found in animals | Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, Collective |
| group of similar cells that perform a particular function | tissue |
| single celled organism | unicellular organism |
| group of organs that work together to perform specific functions | organ systems |
| regulates what leaves and enters the the cell and provides protection and support | cell membrane |
| what is the cell wall made of? | cellulose and carbohydrate fibers |
| mass of the solute in a given solution or mass/volume | concentration |
| particles in a solution tend to move from an area where they are concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated | diffusion |
| concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system | equilibrium |
| all cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier | cell membrane |
| where cell walls are found | plants, algae, fungi and many prokaryotes |
| main function is to provide protection for the cell | cell wall |
| composition of nearly all cell membranes is a doubled-layered sheet called | lipid bilayer |
| mixture of two or more substances | solution |
| substances dissolved in the solution | solutes |
| organisms that make their own food | autotrophs, plants |
| organisms that obtain energy from the food they eat | heterotrophs, animals |
| one of the principal compounds that cells use to store energy | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| how can cells store small amounts of energy | a cell can store energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP |
| why is ATP exceptionally useful to all cells? | all cells use it as an energy source |
| cells get the energy to regenerate ATP from | foods like glucosse |
| process where plants use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen | photosynthesis |
| Wanted to find out if plants grew by taking material out of soil. Concluded that the gain in mass came from water | Van Helmont |
| substance produced by mint plant in joseph priestley's experiment | oxygen |
| showed that the effect observed by joseph priestly's experiment occurs only when the plant was exposed to light | Jan Ingenhousz |
| what substances does photosynthesis require | water, carbon dioxide, chloryphyll and light |
| equation for photosynthesis | carbon dioxide + water + light-----> sugars + oxygen |
| plants gather the suns energy with light absorbing molecules called | pigments |
| principal pigment in plants | chlorophyll |
| visible spectrum in which chlorophyll absorbs light very well | blue-violet region, and red region |
| chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called | thylakoids |
| a singular stack of thylakoids | granum |
| region outside of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast | stroma |
| two stages of photosynthesis | 1. Calvin cycle/light Independent 2. Light Dependent Reactions |
| when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, how do the electrons change | they gain a great deal of energy |
| carrier molecule involved in photosynthesis | NADP+ |
| how does NADP+ become NADPH | it holds 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion |
| converts ADP into ATP, produce oxygen gas, and convert NADP+ into NADPH | light dependent reactions |
| where do light independent reactions take place | region outside of the thylakoid membrane, stroma |
| high energy electrons move through the electron transport chain from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 and the difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to make ATP | light dependent reactions |
| how do ATP synthase produce ATP | they bind ADP and a phosphate group by spinning together |
| what does the calvin cycle use to produce high energy sugars | they use ATP and NADPH |
| why are the reactions of the calvin cycle also called light independent reactions | they only use energy from ATP and NADPH and not light |
| carbon dioxide molecules enter the calvin cycle from the atmosphere, energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert 3 carbon molecules into higher energy forms, and the calvin cycle uses six molecules of carbon dioxide | calvin cycle |
| three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis | water, temperature and intensity of light |
| light collecting units of the chloroplast | photosystems |
| scientist who took a candle, placed a glass jar over it and watched as the flame gradually died out | Joseph Priestly |
| ATP consists of : | adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups |
| energy from ATP is needed for : | active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis, and muscle contraction |
| how to release energy from ATP : | phosphate is removed |
| Why is it possible for a cell to function with only a little amount of ATP | ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and Phosphate. |
| Raw materials needed for plants to carry out photosynthesis | Carbon Dioxide and Water |
| Plants use carbohydrates in Photosynthesis to make : | Starches |
| photosynthesis begins when : | pigments in photo-system II absorb light |
| protein that allows H+ ions to pass through cell membranes | ATP Synthase |
| light dependent reactions use : | water, ADP, and NADP+ |
| light dependent reactions produce: | oxygen, ATP, and NADPH |
| enzymes on the thylakoid membranes break water molecules into: | hydrogen ions, oxygen atoms, energized electrons |
| what happens when plants remove electrons from water | oxygen is left behind and released into the air |
| what causes the difference in charges across the membrane that provides the energy to make ATP | inside of membrane fills up with positively charged hydrogen ions and makes the outside of the membrane negatively charged |
| hydrogen ions left behind when water is broken apart are released : | inside the thylakoid membrane |
| light independent reactions use that chemical energy from light dependent reactions to produce : | high energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water |
| energy to make ATP in the chloroplast comes most directly from | hydrogen ions flowing through an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane |
| the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| solution is above strength in solute | hypertonic |
| solutions are same strength | isotonic |
| solution is below strength in solute | hyptonic |
| energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | active transport |
| what is the role of protein channels in the cell membrane | they allow particular substances to cross different membranes |
| movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels | facilitated diffusion |
| extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole | phagocytosis |
| process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane | endocytosis |
| membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing contents out of the cell | exocytosis |
| cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks | cell specialization |
| two main parts of a crayfish | cephalothorax and abdomen |
| jaws, crush food by moving from side to side | mandibles |
| holds food while eating | maxillipeds |
| large claws that the crayfish uses for defense and to capture prey | chelipeds |
| create water currents and function in reproduction | swimmerets |
| digestive system | mouth, esophagus, stomach, digestive gland, intestine,and anus |
| nervous system | ventral nerve cord, ganglia, and brain |
| circulatory system | heart, pericardial sinus, ostia, dorsal artery, sternal artery, and ventral artery |
| organs for touch, taste and smell | antennae |
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