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APES 2nd Quarter Voc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct. |
| Aerobic respiration | is a metabolic process where oxygen is taken in and water and carbon dioxide produced. Energy is created when food is broken down using oxygen |
| Anaerobic respiration | Anaerobic respiration is where in the absence of oxygen, organic compounds and sugar is broken down to produce energy. |
| Energy level/ rule of 10 | It states that energy, when passing from prey to predator, is only conserved at about 10%. for example, when deer eat the grass, only 10% of the energy that the grass received from the sun is passed onto the deer. |
| Conservation of matter | a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system |
| Carbon cycle | the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead org |
| Nitrogen cycle | the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition. |
| Phosphorus cycle | The phosphorus cycle is when phosphate from the earth or mostly rocks, escape and enter into the sea or ocean. Once there, the phosphate/phosphorus accumulates over time into whats called insoluble deposits. Eventually this will be released back onto land |
| Terrestrial Biomes | Terrestrial biome are land ecosystems. They are defined by factors such as plant structures, plant spacing, leaf types and climate. Climatic factors such as latitude and humidity affect the distribution of terrestrial biome. |
| Aquatic Biomes | Aquatic biomes are defined as oceanic areas that have similar climatic conditions on the Earth. There are two basic regions of aquatic biomes and they are freshwater and marine. Freshwater regions consist of ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands and |
| Ecotone | a region of transition between two biological communities. |
| Ecological Niche | the status of an organism within its environment and community |
| Keystone Species | a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. |
| Indicator species | A species whose presence, absence, or relative well-being in a given environment is indicative of the health of its ecosystem as a whole. |
| Foundation species | The term foundation species refers to a dominant primary producer in an ecosystem both in terms of abundance and influence. These species can be termed as the engineers of their ecosystem, an example is the beaver which build beaver dams that changes the |
| Endemic species | Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, county or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere |
| Nonnative species | An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental |
| Ecological succession | (ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established |
| Primary succession | Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is dep |
| Secondary succession | Secondary succession refers to the changes that occur as a previously damaged ecosystem recovers. It is both faster and more common than primary succession. |
| Aquatic succession | In geology aquatic succession is the process in which a glacial lake dries up. Over the lifespan of a glacier it dissolves into a body of water. Aquatic succession is the continuing step of that solid water-turned-lake melting into the ground and further |
| Disturbance | disturbance is a temporary change in average environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem |
| Resilience | resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly. |
| Genetic diversity | Genetic diversity, the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability |
| Ecological diversity | Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems. The term differs from biodiversity, which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. |
| Functional diversity | Range and value of organisms that influences ecological functioning |
| Species diversity | Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individual |
| Ecosystem services | Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by ecosystems. |
| Biotic communities | a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other |
| Populations | all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country. |
| Equilibrium Theory | natural circumstances, species addition and loss are balanced, and furthermore, that displacement from the equilibrium value results in changes in speciation or extinction rate that tend to restore the system to its equilibrium state |
| Natural selection | the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin |
| What makes a species prone to extinction? | Low/ slow reproductive rates. Small variety of food. Etc |
| Gene/seed banks | Gene banks are a type of biorepository which preserve genetic material. In plants, this could be by freezing cuts from the plant, or stocking the seeds. In animals, this is the freezing of sperm and eggs in zoological freezers until further need. |
| Captive breeding | Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals in human controlled environments with restricted settings, such as wildlife reserves, zoos and other conservation facilities |
| Geographic isolation | speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant — isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange |
| Reproductive isolation | mechanism that prevents two species from creating offspring together. Reproductive isolation can be either pre-zygotic or post-zygotic. |
| Coevolution | the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution. |
| Limiting factor principle | Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population even if all other factors are at or near the optimum range of tolerance |
| Six Major Biological Kingdoms | Archaebacteria - Eubacteria - Protista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia |
| Importance of Biodiversity | It's needed for our benefit! :D it provides us food and help us in many different ways |
| Predation | the preying of one animal on others. |
| Parasitism | the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) |
| Mutualism | An association between organisms of two different species in which each member benefits. |
| Commensalism | association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. |
| Interspecific competition | form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem. The other form of competition is intraspecific competition, which involves organisms of the same species |
| Species richness & evenness | Richness is how much species there are in a area. Evenness means how equal of each species |
| Resource partitioning | the process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niche |
| Carrying capacity | the number or quantity of people or things that can be conveyed or held by a vehicle or container |
| K-strategists | organism that uses a survival and reproductive 'strategy' characterised by low fecundity, low mortality, longer life and with populations approaching the carrying capacity of the environment, controlled by density-dependent factors. |
| r-strategist | Species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and short-lived offspring in a short period. |
| Exponential growth | growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. |
| Logistical Growth | Logistic growth is the kind of population growth where the growth rate constantly decreases with the increasing number of individuals. Eventually, when the population reaches to its maximum, the growth rate becomes zero |
| Background Extinction | refers to the standard rate of extinction in earth’s geological and biological history before humans became a primary contributor to extinctions |
| Endangered Species | a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction |
| Threatened species | Threatened species are any species which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future |
| HIPPCO | H- habitat destruction, degradation and fragmentation.. I- invasion (non-native)... P: population and resource use growth... P: pollution... C: Climate change... O: over exploitation |
| Habitat fragmentation | Habitat fragmentation, as the name implies, describes the emergence of discontinuities in an organism's preferred environment, causing population fragmentation |
| CITES treaty | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. |
| Biotic potential | maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum environmental conditions |
| Environmental resistance | All the limiting factors that tend to reduce population growth rates and set the maximum allowable population size or carrying capacity of an ecosystem. |
| Density-dependent factors | Factors, such as resource availability, that vary with population density. |
| Density-independent factors | A factor that affects the size of a population independent or regardless of the population density. |
| Rule of 70 | n= R/70. period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things |
| Formula for Population Change | Final pop= initial pop e ^ rate of growth x time P=p lne ^rt |
| Migration | seasonal movement of animals from one region to another. |
| Life expectancy | the average period that a person may expect to live. |
| Demography | the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. |
| Pre-industrial stage | Of, relating to, or being a society or an economic system that is not or has not yet become industrialized. |
| Transitional stage | A society that's passing from one state or place to the next stage |
| Post-industrial stage | of or relating to an economy that no longer relies on heavy industry. |
| Age structure diagrams | graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. |
| Urbanization | process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas |
| Urban sprawl | the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. |
| Land-use planning | term used for a branch of public policy encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts |
| Replacement level fertility | level of fertility in women in each subsequent generation. This assumes a mother will have a daughter, and the daughter will have a daughter of her own. Generally, fertility levels will remain consistent so long as the physical environment doesn't change |
| Current world population | 7.046 billion (2012) |
| 1st and 2nd most population countries | China and India |
| Ways to decrease birthrate | Contraception, abortion, education, and family planning |
| Smart growth | planned economic and community development that attempts to curb urban sprawl and worsening environmental conditions. |
| Food security/ insecurity | Food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it. |
| Aquaculture | the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food. |
| Soil conservation methods | Crop rotation, mulching, sub soiling, ponds, and planting trees |
| Clear cuts vs. selective cut | Clear cut: clearing of everything mature of immature. Selective refers to only cutting mature trees |
| Rangelands | open country used for grazing or hunting animals. |
| Overgrazing | graze (grassland) so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground becomes liable to erosion. |
| National park system | National Park Service is the United States federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916 |
| Wilderness areas | A strict nature reserve or wilderness area, is the highest category of protected area recognised by the World Commission on Protected Areas, a body which is part of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. |
| Food webs/ trophic levels | a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy. |
| Industrial stage | Stage where birth and death rates are consistent. Economy is balanced/ or growing |
Created by:
G-Wang
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