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Chapter 2
Cell Structure and Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Discovery of Cells | Discovery |
| Robert Hooke | looks at a piece of cork under his microscope and calls what he sees "cells" |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | looked at pond water under his microscope |
| Matthias Schleiden | a botanist who determined that all plant parts are made of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | a zoologist that concluded that all animals are composed of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | concluded that cells can only develop from other cells |
| The cell theory | a. all cells come from preexisting cells b. all cells are composed of one or more cells c. the cell is the smallest unit of life |
| The bare necessities of life | a. Water- water is 70% of what makes up the cell b. macromolecules- proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
| Proteins | a.build living materials, (hair,hooves,horns,skin,scales,organs,muscles) b. help speed up chemical reactions c. help cells communicate with each other d. carry O2 throughout living things e. provide energy |
| Hemoglobin | attached to red blood cells and transports oxygen |
| Carbohydrates | compound made up of sugars; carbs= energy |
| Lipids | Fats and Oils Stored energy provides insulation cushions organs makes up cell membranes |
| Nucleic Acids | Made up of sub units that are called nucleotides; holds an organisms genetic information |
| Two kinds of Nucleic Acid | DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA: Ribonucleic Acid |
| Two cell Types | Eukaryotic: Organisms that have a nucleus and other organelles; every other living thing is eukaryotic Prokaryotic: Have no nucleus or other organelles; only bacteria is prokaryotic |
| Plant and Animal Cell Organelles | Plant and Animal |
| Cell Membrane | surrounds and protects the cell; allows things in and out of the cells; give the cell its shape |
| Nucleus | the control center of the cell; holds the DNA |
| Nucleolus | found inside the nucleus; produces ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | makes proteins; produced in the nucleus; found free floating in the cytoplasm; attached to the ER |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | the highway system of the cell; transports materials throughout the cell |
| Rough ER | has ribosomes attached; makes lipids |
| Smooth ER | no ribosomes; makes lipids and helps remove harmful material |
| Cytoplasm | clear jello like material in which all the organelles are found |
| Golgi Complex | the UPS of the cell; packages and stores; delivers material throughout the cell |
| Vacuoles | empty space used for storage; store water and glucose |
| Lysosomes | the wrecking companies of the cell; contains enzymes that break down wastes and worn-out cell parts |
| Chloroplasts | (only in plant cells) contains green pigment called chlorophyll; this is where photosynthesis takes place |
| Cell Wall | (only in plant cells) provides support and protection |
| Large Vacuole | (only in plant cells) store glucose and water |
| Centrioles | (only in animal cells) Help in cell reproduction |
| Passive Transport | movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy |
| Active Transport | movement across the cell membrane that does require energy |
| Cell Energy/ Equations | Equations |
| Cellular Respiration | Glucose+O2---CO2+ H20+ ATP (ATP----Energy) |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate; releases energy |
| Photosynthesis | Sunlight+ H2O+CO2---glucose+O2 (photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast) |
| Fermentation | Two Types |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | glucose---ATP+CO2+ Ethyl Alcohol ( this happens in yeast cells) |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Gluccose---lactic acid + ATP (This happens in Muscle cells) |
| Diffusion | the movement of materials across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion across the cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins (Two Types: Channel Protein, Carrier Protein, this is how glucose gets inside your cells |
| Osmosis | the movement of water molecules across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
Created by:
autumnm2345
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