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Chapter 4
Terms To Know
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Electron Microscope | a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and using electron lenses. |
| Virions | the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell, with a core of RNA or DNA and a capsid. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Organisms who do not have a membrane bound nucleus. |
| Nucleoid Region | The part of a bacterium or virus that contains nucleic acid and is analogous in function to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Organisms who have a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. |
| Cell Membrane | a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. Controls what comes in and what comes out. |
| Diffusion | The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration. |
| Osmosis | a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. |
| Homeostasis | the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, esp. as maintained by physiological processes. |
| Cell Wall | a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose. |
| Organelles | any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. |
| Mitochondria | n organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers. |
| Vacuoles | a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid. |
| Microtubules | a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures. |
| Microfilaments | a small rodlike structure, about 4–7 nanometers in diameter, present in numbers in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosomes | a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. |
| Endomembrane System | The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. |
| Endoplastic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| Lumen | he SI unit of luminous flux, equal to the amount of light emitted per second in a unit solid angle of one steradian from a uniform source of one candela. |
| Golgi Apparatus | a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport. |
| Lysosomes | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
| Plastids | any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food. |
| Chloroplasts | (in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. |
| Leucoplasts | a colorless organelle found in plant cells, used for the storage of starch or oil. |
| Chromoplasts | a colored plastid other than a chloroplast, typically containing a yellow or orange pigment. |
| Gametes | a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| Spermatogenesis | the production or development of mature spermatozoa. |
| Oogenesis | the production or development of an ovum. |
| Mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| Interphase | the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. |
| Metaphase | the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. |
| Anaphase | the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle. |
| Telophase | the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. |
| Totipotent Cell | Cells of the very early embryo that have the capacity to differentiation into the placenta the embryo and all post-embryonic tissues and organs. |
| Morula | a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed. |
| Stem cells | an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation. |
| Embryonic Stem cells | Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo. |
| Adult Stem cells | Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. |
| Induced Pluripotent Stem cells | Induced pluripotent stem cells, commonly abbreviated as iPS cells or iPSCs are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell – typically an adult somatic cell. |
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kyleisnotapanda12
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