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1409 Biology Final
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The information contained in the base sequence of DNA is used to generate. | An exact copy of itself that passes that passes to the next generation AND a complementary strand of RNA that passes into the cytoplasm AND a sequence of amino acids that ultimately form a protein. |
| mRNA | single nucleic acid that passes from nucleus into cytoplasm; carries information to make a protein |
| rRNA | joins with proteins in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes |
| tRNA | brings one amino acid to a ribosome; bears anticodon and functions only in the cytoplasm |
| Polypeptide | amino acid sequence determined by DNA base sequence; folds to form a protein |
| Protein | functional molecule; shape maintained by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, etc. |
| What is the difference between transcription and translation? | Transcription generates mRNA from DNA; translation generates an amino acid sequence |
| How can the bacterial gene for Bacillusthurihgiensis toxin (a protein that kills caterpillars) be expressed in a transgenic cotton plant? | Genetic code is universal |
| What is the difference between gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotic genes are in operons; eukaryotic genes are on multiple chromosomes AND prokaryotic genes are controlled by proteins in the environment, eukaryotic genes are turned on/off during development |
| How can you best prevent mutations in your somatic cells (cancer)? | Don’t smoke cigarettes. |
| What provides the raw material for evolution? | Permanent changes in the base sequence of DNA in germ cells |
| A researcher wants to breed a better beet. She has identified a protein that increases nutritional value, but no existing beet has DNA that codes for this protein. What are her options? | Use reverse transcriptase |
| recessive allele | expressed only in the absence of a dominant allele |
| sex chromosome | homologues that may not always match |
| gamete | haploid; has only one allele for any gene |
| true-breeding | homozygous; two of the same allele; opposite of hybrid |
| F2 | grandchildren for example |
| In Medellin genetics, why must a testcross be used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype? | One dominant allele results in the same phenotype as two dominant alleles. |
| Why does Mrs. Cash not show carriers on her pedigree charts in the figures? | When 2 different alleles are present, only the dominant allele is expressed. One dominant allele looks the same as 2 dominant alleles AND Pedigree charts show phenotype, genotype and “heterozygous” is a genotype AND carrier means heterozygous for a recess |
| Among the offspring, 944 have gray bodies and round wings 965 have black bodies and vestigial wings, 185 have gray bodies and vestigial wings and 206 have black bodies and round wings. How far apart are the genes for body color and wing shape? | (185+206)/(944+965+185+206) = 391/2300 = 0.17 |
| Why are x-linked traits such as muscular dystrophy more common in males than in females? | These traits are caused by recessive alleles; because males cannot be heterozygous for sex-linked genes, any recessive allele is always expressed. |
| The best definition of evolution in biology is? | A change in the genetic composition of a population over generations. |
| Those individuals who contribute to evolution by natural selection are only those? | With fertile offspring (grandchildren) |
| No mutations | new alleles are created or old alleles are eliminated |
| random mating | assortative mating, mate choice |
| no migration in or out | gene flow |
| large population | genetic drift due to a founder effect or to a bottleneck. |
| no natural selection | adaptation to a changing environment |
| How many would be genetically resistant to malaria. (Heterozygous condition) in a population of 50 people (100 alleles) of whom 2 (4 alleles) had sickle-cell anemia (homozygous recessive condition) | 16; because q=0.2, p=0.8, 2 x p x q = 0.32 and 32% of 50 people is 16 |
| Sexual selection exerts influence on? | Phenotypic characteristics that make the 2 sexes look different within a species. |
| Why may the fossil record NOT document, step by step, the evolution of one species into another? | Transitional organisms existed but were never fossilized or the fossils have not been found yet. |
Created by:
jhardwick02
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