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1409 Biology Final

Test 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the mechanism by which target cells respond to hormones? Hormones pass every cell in the body, but only target cells have receptors to given hormone.
How do steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones? Steroid hormones enter the cell and turn genes on or off; peptide hormones remain outside the target cell.
Thymus source and target cells are in the same gland.
What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? Hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones which act on the anterior pituitary.
We studied 5 hormones released from the anterior pituitary what is the difference between growth hormone and prolactin on one hand and the gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on First 2 directly affect other organs (skeleton/muscle and mammary) second 3 have indirect effects (action on other endocrine glands)
The thyroid is extremely important because? Its hormones regulate all of metabolism
What is the relationship between calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)? They are antagonists
The hypothalamus controls the adrenal cortex via the anterior pituitary by governing secretion of? Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the relationship between Cushing Syndrome and Addison Disease? One is too much and the other is not enough secretions from the adrenal cortex.
What causes diabetes mellitus, in which the body cells do not properly metabolize glucose? Insulin is produced by islet cells in the pancreas, but liver and muscle cells don’t respond to it AND no insulin is produced by the pancreas’ beta cells.
What is the result of meiosis? Daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
When during gametogenesis are chromosomes duplicated? Only during interphase, before any division begins.
Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes align on spindle equator (metaphase plate)
Telophase I Two haploid nuclei form, but each chromosome is two sister chromatids
Meiosis II As in mitosis, centromeres split, sister chromatids separate.
Which is NOT a source of genetic recombination? Chromatids assort systematically during mitosis in the endocrine glands.
How does gametogenesis differ in male and female gonads? Timing (constantly vs. episodically) AND duration (10 weeks vs. 50 years) AND yield (4 sperm vs. 1 ovum)
How do gonadotropin releasing hormones, the gonadotropic hormones, and sex hormones differ? Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormones AND gonadotropic hormones act on the gonads AND cells outside the reproductive system are affected by sex hormones.
What is the ovarian cycle? Secretion of FSH, followed by a surge in LH, from the anterior pituitary
What drives the menstrual (uterine) cycle? Increase then decrease in the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone.
When is a woman fertile? (When can a woman get pregnant?) Only at ovulation
Gonorrhea Curable using antibiotics; men with the disease are almost always diagnosed.
Syphilis Can have neurological consequences and can be passed to infant at birth.
AIDS Caused by human immune deficiency virus (HIV) which cannot be killed.
Genital Warts Associated with cervical cancer, but a vaccine to prevent infection is available.
Candidiasis Can also be acquired non-sexually
Which stage of development is important in establishing the primitive gut (the archenteron)? Gastrula
The extra embryonic membranes are the yolk sac, allantois, amnion and chorion and the chorion gives rise to the fetal portion of the placenta. What does the placenta do? Provide nourishment to and remove waste from the fetus AND generate progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.
Which statement about human reproduction is NOT true? Monozygotic twins never share a placenta(That is not true because they always share a placenta)
Created by: jhardwick02
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