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Science Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| scientific method | ask questions, hypothesize and predict, test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusions, communicate results |
| experimental design | controlled experiments to test a hypothesis, include a table with a dependent and independent variable |
| measurements used in biology | meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela, The SI is used all around the world for measurements |
| SI System | an internationally accepted system for measurement |
| characteristics of life | any thing that has cells, responds to stimuli, maintains homeostasis, can reproduce, grow and develop, needs nutrients, has organization, uses energy, and has DNA |
| taxonomy | the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics. |
| Aristotle | classified animals based on the presence of “red blood”, the animal’s environment, and the size and shape of the animal |
| Linnaeus | classify organisms based on their traits, placed organisms into 2 specific categories (Kingdom, Phylum), used Latin to name living things |
| modern classification system | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Robert Hooke | looks at cork under microscope and calls them cells |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | looked at pond water under a microscope |
| Matthias Schleiden | a botanist, determined that all plants are made up of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | a zoologist, determined that all animals are made up of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | concluded that cells can only develop from other cells |
| Cell Theory | 1) All living things are composed of one or more cells 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in every living thing 3) All cells come from other cells |
| bare necessities | the four main macromolecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
| proteins | made up of sub-units called amino acids which have many functions 1) build living things 2) help spseed up chemical reactions 3) help cells communicate 4) carry oxygen throughout living things 5) Provide energy |
| lipids | fats and oils 1) cushion cells 2) store energy 3) make up cell membrane |
| carbohydrates | compounds made up of sugar 1) provide energy food- glucose- carbs- energy |
| simple carbohydrates | made up of a few sugar molecules linked together, simplest sugar is called glucose (c6h12o6) glucose + glucose + glucose = sucrose |
| complex carbohydrates | made up of a long chain of glucose molecules |
| nucleic acids | made up of sub-units called nucleotides 1)carry a cell's genetic information 2)ceoxyribonucleic Acid and ribonucleic acid |
| two cell types | eukaryotic- have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles prokaryotic- have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles |
| nucleus | (a & p) part of a eukaryotic cell that directs cell activity and contains genetic infomation stored in DNA |
| nucleolus | (a & p) inside of the nucleus, makes ribosomes |
| DNA | (a & p) deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information |
| cytoplasm | (a & p) the liquid part of a cell inside the cell membrane, contains salts and other molecules |
| cell membrane | (a & p) a flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell |
| ribosomes | (a & p) free-float in the cytoplasm, make proteins |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | (a & p) highway of the cell, transports things throughout the cell, has ribosomes attached, makes proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | (a & p) highway of the cell, transports things throughout the cell, no ribosomes attached, makes lipids |
| mitochondria | (a & p) the powerhouse of the cell, where glucose is converted into energy |
| Golgi Apparatus | (a & p) the UPS of the cell; packages, stores, and delivers materials throughout the cell |
| vacuoles | empty spaces used for storage |
| lysosome | (a & p) the wrecking companies of the cell; contains enzymes that break down wastes and worn-out cell parts |
| differences between plant and animal cells | Plant cells Chloroplasts contain green pigment called chlorophyll, this is where photosynthesis takes place Cell wall, provides support and protection Large vacuole. store glucose and water Animal cells Centrioles, help in cell reproduction |
| passive transport | movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy |
| active transport | movement across the cell membrane that does require energy |
| diffusion (passive) | movement of materials across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis (passive) | movement of water molecules across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| example of diffusion | pure water inside skin cells diffusing out, making the cells shrink, more pure water inside your skin cells than out |
| facilitated diffusion (passive) | diffusion across the cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins through channel and carrier proteins... this is how gluscose works |
| example of active transport | fish constantly have to pump salts out of their cells, takes energy |
| endocytosis | the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with it's cell membrane |
| exocytosis | the process when a cell's vesicles release their contents outside of the cell |
| cellular respiration | the process which glucose is broken down into energy |
| equation for cellular respiration | glucose + oxygen yields water + carbon dioxide + ATP |
| glycolysis | the process when glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, occurs in mitochondria |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, A-P-P----P, when third bond is broken, energy is released |
| photosynthesis | a group of chemical reactions that convert light, energy, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off energy |
| photosynthesis equation | sunlight + oxygen + water yields carbon dioxide + glucose, glucose + ATP |
| fermentation | cellular respiration that does not require oxygen |
| alcoholic fermentation | glucose yields ATP + carbon dioxide + ethyl alcohol, happens in yeast cells |
| lactic acid fermentation | glucose yields ATP +lactic acid, happens in muscle cells, the burn |
| stimulus | a change in an organism's environment that causes a response |
| homeostasis | an organism's ability to maintain steady internal conditions when outside conditions change |
Created by:
tait.thorne5
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