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Chapter 8

Memory

TermDefinition
Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Recall A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Relearning A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Encoding The processing of information into the memory system, for example, by extracting meaning
Storage The retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval The process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory Memory The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-Term Memory Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-Term Memory The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working Memory A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Explicit Memory Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Implicit Memory Retention independent of conscious recollection.
Iconic Memory A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic Memory A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
Mnemonics Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Spacing Effect The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Testing Effect Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Shallow Processing Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep Processing Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
Hippocampus A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Flashbulb Memory A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Serial Position Effect Our tendency to recall best the last and the first terms in a list
Anterograde Amnesia An inability to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia An inability to retrieve information from one's past.
Proactive Interference The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Retroactive Interferenece The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Misinformation Effect Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Source Amnesia Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience, heard about, read about, or imagined.
Deja Vu That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before". Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
Created by: taras733
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