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Chapter 7
Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| Associative Learning | Learning the certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences |
| Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response |
| Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Higher-order Conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response. |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| Reinforcement | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; A.K.A. a secondary reinforcer |
| Reinforcement Schedule | A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Partial Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable-Ratio | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that inforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment | An event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows |
| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment, example, rats in mazes |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but it is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing others |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
| Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
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