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8th Grade Science
Mid Term Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Constant | variable that stays the same during an experiment |
| Control | sample that is treated like other experimental groups except that the independent variable is not applied to it |
| Dependent Variable | factor that is being measured during an experiment |
| Experimental Research Design | used to answer scientific questions by testing a hypothesis through the use of a series of carefully controlled steps |
| Hypothesis | prediction or statement that can be tested and may be formed by prior knowledge, any previous observations, and new information |
| Independent Variable | variable that can be changed during an experiment |
| Model | represents something that is too big, too small, too dangerous, too time consuming, or too expensive to observe directly |
| Science | process used to investigate what is happening around us in order to solve problems or answer questions |
| Scientific Method | ways to solve problems that can include step by step plans, making models, and carefully thought out experiments |
| Technology | application of science to make useful products and tools, such as computers |
| Alpha Particle | consists of a particle containing two protons and two neutrons |
| Atomic Number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element |
| Beta Particle | a high-energy electron that comes from the nucleus |
| Electron | negatively- charged particle that exists in an electron cloud formation around an atom's nucleus |
| Electron Cloud | region surrounding the nucleus of an atom, where electrons are most likely to be found |
| Element | substance that cannon be broken down into simpler substances |
| Half-Life | time needed for one half of the mass of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay |
| Isotope | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Mass Number | the sum of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutron | electrically neutral particle that has the same mass as a proton and is found in an atom's nucleus |
| Proton | positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Radioactive Decay | release of nuclear particles and energy from unstable atomic nuclei |
| Transmutation | the change of one element into another through radioactive decay |
| Actinides | the second series of inner transition elements which goes from thorium to lawrencium |
| Alkali Metals | elements in group 1 of the periodic table |
| Alkaline Earth Metals | elements in group 2 of the periodic table |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed |
| Group | family of elements in the periodic table that have similar physical or chemical properties |
| Halogens | any element in group 17 of the periodic table |
| Lanthanides | the first series of inner transition elements which goes from cerium to lutetium |
| Metal | element that has luster, is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity |
| Metalloid | element that shares some properties with both metal and nonmetals |
| Nobel Gases | elements in group 18 of the periodic table |
| Nonmetal | element that is usually a gas or brittle solid at room temperature and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity |
| Period | horizontal row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably |
| Representative Element | elements in groups 1 and 2 and 13-18 in the periodic table that include metals, metalloids, and nonmetals |
| Semiconductor | element that does not conduct electricity as well as a metal but conducts it better than a nonmetal |
| Transition Elements | elements in groups 3-12 in the periodic table, all of which are metals |
| Chemical Bond | force that holds two atoms together |
| Chemical Formula | combination of chemical symbols and numbers that indicates which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule |
| Compound | pure substance that contains two or more elements |
| Covalent Bond | chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons |
| Electron Cloud | region surrounding the nucleus of an atom, where electrons are most likely to be found |
| Electron Dot Diagram | chemical symbol for an element surrounded by as many dots as there are elements in its outer energy level |
| Energy Level | the different positions for an electron in an atom |
| Ion | atom that is positively or negatively charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| Ionic Bond | attraction that holds oppositely charged ions close together |
| Metallic Bond | bond formed when metal atoms share their pooled electrons |
| Molecule | neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons |
| Polar Bond | bond resulting from the unequal sharing of electrons |
| Activation Energy | minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed |
| Chemical Equation | shorthand form for writing what reactants are used and what products are formed in a chemical reaction |
| Chemical Reaction | process that produces chemical change, resulting in new substances that have properties different from those of the original substances |
| Concentration | describes how much solute is present in a solution compared to the amount of solvent |
| Endothermic Reaction | chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed |
| Enzyme | a type of protein that regulates chemical reactions in cells without being changed or used up itself |
| Exothermic Reaction | chemical reaction in which heat energy is released |
| Inhibitor | substance that slows down a chemical reaction, making the formation of a certain amount of product take longer |
| Rate of Reaction | measure of how fast a chemical reaction occurs |
| Acceleration | equals the change in velocity divided by the time for the chance to take place, occurs when an object speeds up or slows down |
| Average Speed | equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken to travel the distance |
| Inertia | tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion |
| Instantaneous Speed | the speed of an object at one instant of time |
| Law of Conservation of Momentum | states that the total momentum of objects that collide with each other is the same before and after the collision |
| Mass | amount of matter in an object |
| Momentum | a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object; equals the product of mass and velocity |
| Speed | equals the distance traveled divided by the time it takes to travel that distance |
| Velocity | speed and direction of a moving object |
| Second | SI unit of measurement for time |
| Meter | SI unit of measurement for length |
| Kilogram | SI unit of measurement for mass |
| Kelvin | SI unit of measurement for temperature |
| Amperage | SI unit of measurement for electrical current |
| Candle | SI unit of measurement for luminous intensity |
| Mole | SI unit of measurement for amount of a substance |
Created by:
wccarams
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