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BIO 250
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine system | responsible for 'slow' messages to different parts of the body, distributed via the circulatory system |
| Pheromones | communicate a variety of signals from one animal to another, mate attractions, territory markers, etc |
| local regulators | affect targets that are adjacent to the source, neurotransmitters, growth factors, etc |
| Hormones | chmicals secreted into body fluids by endocrine cells or neurosecretory cells |
| Importance of receptor morphology | determines binding w/ DNA and effect w/ or from the hormone |
| Hypothalamus | receives information from nervous system and initiates responses via endocrine system, controls body temp, hunger, thirst, fatigue |
| pituitary gland | attached to hypothalamus, sits in sella turcica in cranium, hypophysis |
| Neurohypophysis derivation? | derived from the diencephalon, does not make hormones (posterior), pars nervosa, median eminence |
| Adenohypophysis derivation? | derived from embryonic mouth, does make hormones (anterior) |
| Par distalis | largest portion of the adenohypophysis, makes hormones |
| Pars Tuberalis | function unknown, reproduction stuff, only in tetrapods |
| Pars Intermedia | morphological ? |
| What does Neurohypophysis do? | doesn't produce hormones, supports cells of hypothalamus which produces hormones |
| ADH | vasopressin/ antidiuretic (same thing), constricts arterioles via smooth muscle action, promoters water conservatoin via changing permeability of collecting ducts in kidney, induces male aggression |
| Oxytocin | targets smooth muscles of uterus and mammary glands, promotes contractions during parturition, promotes release of milk in mammals, strongly implicated in pair-bonding |
| Positive Feed Back Loop | when the stimulus leads to an even greater response, like with oxytocin |
| Adenohypophysis function | produces hormones |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | no specific target, inc. protein synthesis, episodic, pul satile, increased during sleep, exercise, after meals, stimulates IGF's (somatomedins) which promote growth directly |
| Prolactin/ Luteotropin (LTH) | promotes development of mammary glands and lactation during pregnancy, stimulates lipid synthesis during pregnancy and premigration in birds, affects tail regeneration in lizards, affects growth in amphs |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid |
| Gonadotropins | a class of hormones |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | stimulate the development of ovarian follicles (female) or initiates and maintains spermatogenesis (males) |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | pushes maturing follicles thru porcess, promotes ovulation, promotes reorganizing of follicle into corpus luteum, stimulates testesterone in males |
| Adrenocoroticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates adrenal glands to release glucocorticoids |
| Melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) | targets melanophores, affects distribution of melanin in cells |
| Tropic Hormones | regulate the endocrine cells/ glands, four types |
| Thyroid | affects: metabolism, metamorphosis, growth, and reproduction, secrets permissive hormones |
| Permissive hormones | hormones which permit tissue respnsiveness to other hormones |
| Thyroxine | iodine-containing hormone, found in thyroid |
| Where are stores of thyroid hormones found? | extracellularly |
| Thyroid metabolic influence | endotherms: inc. metabolic rate ectotherms: allows tissues to be more responsive to hormones at elevated body temps |
| Hyperthroidism | excessive secretion of thyroid hormones, causes high body temp, weight loss, irritability, and high BP |
| Hypothyroidism | low secretion of thyroid hormones leading to the opposite effects |
| Ultimobrancial body- calcitonin | lowers blood calcium and phosphorus levels |
| Parathyroid glands- parathormone | increases blood calcium and phosphorus levels, important since calcium may be needed at any time in verts for growth and frame recovery etc., note antagonistic relationship |
| Adrenal glands | derived from two structures |
| Caricosteroids | produced by one structure of the adrenal gland, estrogens and adrogens in small amounts |
| Catecholamines | preoduced by one structure of the adrenal gland, epinephrine |
| Embryology of Pancreatic islets | endodermal, outgrowth of gut tube |
| Function of Pancreatic Islets | insulin production, glucagen production, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptides |
| testes | interstitial cells (Leydig cells) produce testosterone |
| ovaries | follicles, corpus luteum and interstitial cells produce estrogens (estrodiol) and progesterone |
| gonads | responsible for production of hormones that develop and maintain secondary sexual characteristics in humans |
| When is sexual dimorphism more common? | In polygamy, when mating is promiscuous without strong pair bonding, this is hormonally reinforced |
Created by:
lydia.durkovic
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