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BIO 250
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Respiratory system? | take up oxygen and discharge of waste gases |
| Basic method of function? | Diffusion |
| Problems with diffusion? | inefficient at solid sizes over 0.5mm in diameter |
| Factors affecting efficiency | 1. surface area 2. distance (thickness) 3. tissue permeability 4. partial pressure |
| Ventilation | the process of moving respiratory medium (air or water) across respiratory membrane |
| Energy usage in Water vs Air ventiallation | Water ventilation requires more energy usage than air (water is more dense) |
| Apnea | a cessation of ventilation, respiration may continue |
| Perfusion | pumping blood (and hence oxygen) through an organ or structure |
| Hypoxia | condition in which animal recieves too little oxygen for normal function |
| Gills | capillary beds for gas exchange w/ lots of blood which are supported by skeletal elements |
| Internal gills | formed as associates of pharyngeal slits and pouches, ventilation via air pump, typical fishes |
| External gills | capillary beds protrude into surrounding water, ventilation can be passive or active |
| Lungs | open to external environment, elaboration of surface area in advanced forms |
| Gas bladders | the so called "lungs" in lung fish, many function as either lungs or buoyancy devices, not found in primitive fish (sharks) |
| Lungfish | use gas bladder as accessory respiratory device, loss of gills results in dedicated lung breathing animals |
| Cutaneous respiration | present in many taxa (amphs, mammals, turtles, etc), may result in specializations of integument to facilitate |
| Cutaneous respiration in fish | 15% O2 |
| Cutaneous respiration in urodels | 95% O2 95% CO2 |
| Cutaneous respiration in anurans | 20% O2 80% CO2 |
| Cutaneous respiration in chelonia | 25% O2 35% CO2 |
| Cutaneous respiration in humans | 2% O2 3% CO2 |
| Pulse pump | found in lungfishes (air-gulping), requires exhalation |
| Aspiration pump | air is sucked in by low pressure gradient created w/in lungs, tidal air movement, mediated by musculo-skeletal elements |
| Squamata ventilation method | lack diaphragm,use axial musculature, varanids also use buccal muscles |
| Crocodylian ventilation method | liver-piston pump |
| Turtles | visceral muscles act as pistons |
| Con-current flow | H2O in tube and blood in capillary both flow in the same direction, reaches equilibrium fairly early making highly inefficient, only theoretical, does not exist in any known taxa |
| counter-current flow | H2O in tube and blood in capillary flow in opposite directions, this favors diffusion of O2 in the blood the entire length of contact between the two, never reaches equilibrium |
| Cross-current | like a more complex version of counter-current where the capillaries and H2O tubes are perpendicular to one another facilitating equilibrium even more |
| Uniform pool | air is brought into a sac, efficient when filled with fresh air, kinda sucks when it's not |
| Birds have which type? | cross-current, more efficient than uniform pool, there is always fresh air in the lungs |
| Which is the most efficient? | Counter-current is the most effective, fish have it and they can breath under water, efficiency is being able to get O2 when it is at weaker concentrations |
Created by:
lydia.durkovic
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