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Essential Knowledge
Science Terms
| Essential Knowledge Terms | Definition |
|---|---|
| Observation | using your five senses to gather information from the world around you |
| Inference | an interpretation (explanation) of events based on observation and prior knowledge |
| Quantitative Observations | observations that are expressed in numbers (example: 4 meters) |
| Qualitative Observations | observations that are descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers (example: round, green) |
| Scientific Inquiry | problem solving steps used in scientific investigations (purpose, research, hypothesis, procedures, data, conclusion) |
| Manipulated (independent) Variable | the factor (part) of an experiment that is changed on purpose |
| Responding (dependent) Variable | the factor (part) of an experiment that changes as a result of the manipulated variable |
| Taxonomy | the classification levels of all organisms; domain, kingdom, phylum (or division for plants), class, order, family, genus, species |
| Cells | the basic unit of living things; they grow, reproduce (by dividing), and die |
| DNA | strands of genetic information shaped like a twisted ladder (double stranded helix) |
| Nitrogen Base Pairs | Adenine pairs with Thymine (AT), Guanine pairs with Cytosine (GC); make up the steps of the DNA ladder |
| Chromosomes | a specific piece of DNA that carries information for inherited traits; humans have 23 pairs (or 46 total) |
| Diffusion | the spreading out of molecules from where there is a higher concentration to a lower concentration (can be air or water) |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a cell membrane |
| Photosynthesis | process that uses water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide to produce food in the form of glucose (a type of sugar) |
| Respiration | process that breaks down simple food molecules to release stored energy |
| Cell Cycle | the life cycle of a cell - has three phases (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Genome | a map of all the genes in the human body |
| Mutation | a permanent change in the hereditary material of an organism (most likely resulting in harm to the organism) |
| Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than others. |
| Fossil Record | a record of things that were once living that are now dead (is incomplete) |
| Human Body Systems | many organs working together (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, muscular, skeletal, nervous) |
| Sexual Reproduction | when 2 parents of opposite sexes are needed to produce offspring |
| Asexual Reproduction | only 1 parent is needed to produce offspring (budding, fission, regeneration) |
| Gamete | what sex cells are called (egg & sperm) - each parent gives 1/2 of required chromosomes to make an organism |
| Testes | male gonads (where sperm is produced) |
| Ovaries | female gonads (where eggs are produced) |
| Fertilization | the process in which sperm unites (joins) with the egg |
| Biome | the community of plants and animals that covers a large geographical area (includes deserts, forests, grasslands, chaparral, tundra, and aquatic) |
| Ecosystem | all living and non-living parts of the environment |
| Population | a group of the same species that lives in an area at the same time (ex: population of humans in Farmington = 45,000) |
| Community | a group of plant and animal populations living together in the same environment; species - a group of organisms that successfully reproduce among themselves and produce fertile offspring |
| Primary Producer | mostly green plants that make their food by photosynthesis |
| Primary Consumer | plant-eating animals |
| Secondary Consumer | predators that eat other animals |
| Decomposers | organisms that break down dead plants and animals into nutrients |
| Adaptation | specific features an animal has to help it survive in its environment (camouflage) |
| Food Chain | the flow of energy from the sun to green plants, to animals |
| Sun | the main source of energy for living things |
| Earth | the only planet with matter found as a solid, liquid, and gas and has the ability to support life (has water and oxygen) |
| Igneous | formed when molten rock cools |
| Metamorphic | formed when sedimentary or igneous rock goes through a chemical change caused by intense heat or pressure |
| Sedimentary | formed when sediments or organic material are compacted and cemented together |
| Organic | materials that contain carbon and were alive @ one time |
| Inorganic | materials that do not contain carbon & have never been alive |
| Atom | the smallest part of matter |
| Protons | particles that are positively charged |
| Neutrons | particles that have no charge |
| Electrons | particles that have a negative charge |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus |
| Element | any substance that cannot be broken down (example: O = oxygen) |
| Compound | made up of 2 or more elements (example: H2O) |
| Molten | melted rock found inside the earth |
Created by:
kfunston
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