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E Science Exam Guide
Mrs. Ort's Environmental Science Study Guide (1st semester)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Covered in the Environmental Science Safety Contract? | Rules for personal conduct during outdoor assignments. |
| What are safe practices for Environmental Science? | Avoid anything that could hurt yourself or others. |
| What are the consequences for disobeying the rules outlined in the Safety Contract? | Parent conference, office referral, ISS |
| What are the six venomous snakes in Alabama? | Copperhead, cotton mouth, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, pigmy rattlesnake, timber rattlesnake, coral snake |
| Which snake/snakes have Hemotoxin? | Copperhead, cotton mouth, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, pigmy rattlesnake, timber rattlesnake |
| Which snake/snakes have Nurotoxin? | Coral snake |
| Copperhead | Copper colored with an hourglass pattern |
| Cottonmouth | Almost fully black with a white mouth |
| Eastern diamondback rattlesnake | Very large with a diamond pattern and a rattle |
| Pigmy rattlesnake | Very small with black splotches and a rattle |
| Timber rattlesnake | Medium size with one long, orange stripe and a rattle |
| Coral snake | Red, black, and yellow bands with a black nose |
| What are a few major impacts the average American has on the environment? | We eat 2.5 tons of beef, 1.6 tons of pork, and 77 and 5000 bananas in our lifetime. |
| What scientific principals are represented in The Lion King? | biomes, food webs, and interspecific relationships |
| What biomes are represented in The Lion King? | Savanna, jungle, and dessert |
| What kinds of food webs are represented in The lion King? | Grasses are producers, animals like zebras and gazelles are primary consumers, animals like lions and hyenas are secondary consumers, and animals like bugs and vultures are decomposers. |
| What interspecific relationships are represented in The Lion King? | The hyenas and buzzards are shown following the lions and after the lions eat an animal, they eat whatever's left of it. |
| What are the different characteristics of forests described in "Planet Earth: Seasonal Forests?" | temperature, elevation, level of precipitation, distance from the equator |
| What 4 important scientific principles lead to scientists determining the age of the Earth? | rock layers, ancient igneous rocks (heating and cooling of the Earth), radioactive dating, and continental drift |
| Why are there geysers at Yellowstone? | The park is situated atop a supervolcano, resulting in the formation of geothermal vents. These vents heat water underground, where pressure builds up until the water breaks free. |
| How do the geologic characteristics of the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone contribute to the distribution of life? | The extreme climates caused by the geothermal vents at Yellowstone cause all but the best adapted to leave during the Winter. The water of the Colorado River supports life, but the steep walls of the Grand Canyon often keep animals from reaching it. |
| What are four potential impacts of HHS and people on the Cahaba River? | Waste materials in the cafeteria, chemicals in the art room, heat pools and car exhaust in the parking lot |
| How can each of these problems be solved? | Waste materials and chemicals require proper disposal, heat pools are decreased with green buffer zones, and car exhaust is reduced through the use of catalytic converters. |
| Algae | group of primitive, non-floweringplants which include certain seaweed andmicroscopic phytoplankton. |
| Alkalinity | The amount of calcium carbonated in water. |
| Anadromous fish | fish such as Americanshad, that migrate from their primary habitatin the ocean to freshwater to spawn. |
| Artificial Eutrophication | When excess nitrogen or phosperous gets into the water, things grow quickly and use up oxygen. |
| Benthic organisms | plants and animals living in or on the bottom in aquatic environments. |
| Biological Assessment | using Benthic Macroinvertebrates Different invertebrates grow in different levels of pollution, making these animals ecological indicators. |
| Boundary layer | the layer of water closest to the rocks and rubble on a stream or river bottom; this layer moves slower than the top of the river |
| Catadromous fish | fish such as the American eel, that migrate from their primary freshwater habitat to the ocean to spawn |
| Complete metamorphosis | life cycle of certain insects that involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. |
| Decomposer | organisms (such as bacteria, fungus, and some macroinvertebrates) that breakdown dead organic matter. |
| Detritus | decomposed or partly decomposed plant and animal matter. |
| Dissolved oxygen | free oxygen (O2) released into the water by photosynthesis and by air-water interactions; it is essential for respiration of aquatic animals. |
| Ecology | the study of interrelationships of living things to one another and to their environment. |
| Erosion | the wearing away of land surfaces by wind or water; erosion occurs naturally but it is often intensified by man’s land use practices |
| Eutrophication | over-enrichment of a body of water as a result of excessive nutrient loading, often resulting in depletion of dissolved oxygen. |
| Filter collectors | any aquatic organism that feeds by removing small organic particles from the water. |
| Food Web | complex interaction of food chains in a biological community, shows energy flow |
| Functional feeding groups | a way of categorizing organisms according to what they eat and how they obtain food |
| Groups 1,2,& 3 of pollution tolerance (Benthic Macroinvertebrates) | Different benthinc invertebrates are tolerant of different levels of pollution, so monitoring the population of each level can be an indicator of pollution. |
| Hardness (water quality test) | A measure of minerals in water. |
| Non-point source of pollution | pollution from an unknown source. |
| pH | the measure of the acidity of a liquid. A higher pH means the liquid is basic, while a lower pH means it's acidic. |
| phytoplankton | the plant form of plankton |
| Point source pollution | pollution from a definable source, such as outfall pipe. |
| Pollution | the addition of substance(s) to an environment in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity producing a net detrimental effect on the environment. |
| Predator | an organism that feeds on other animals. |
| Primary producers | organisms using the sun’s energy and inorganic nutrients to synthesize organic compounds which in turn may provide energy to other organisms. |
| Runoff | water that collects on land and runs into waterways after rainfall. |
| Scrappers | any aquatic organism that feeds on algae, bacteria, fungus, etc. growing on submerged objects |
| Sediment | particles which accumulate on the bottom of a waterway |
| Sewage treatment | –Primary: screening or settling large solids out of sewage –Secondary: removal of organic material in sewage by aeration and by bacterial action. –Tertiary: removal of nutrients and traces of toxic organic material from sewage. |
| Shredders | any aquatic organism that feeds on coarse organic material, such as leaves or twigs. |
| Substrate Types | Components of the bottom of a river |
| Tributaries | streams and rivers that supply a larger body of water. |
| Trophic levels | the levels at which an organisms feeds in a food web (primary consumers, predators, etc.) |
| Turbidity | the measurement of water cloudiness; it may be affected by such things as sediment and plankton concentrations. A Secchi disk is a white plate-sized disk attachedto a rope, that when lowered down into the water measures turbidity. |
| Watershed | an area of land that is drained by a specified river or other body of water. |
| Watersheds of Alabama | Tennessee River, Tombigbee River, Black Warrior River, Cahaba River, Coosa River, Alabama River, Tallapoosa River, Alabama River, Conecuh River, Escatawpa River, Choctawhatchee River, Chattahoochee River, Perdido River, Mobile Bay |
| Wetland | any area that is occasionally or permanently covered with water. |
| Zooplankton | the animal form of plankton. |
| Anoxic conditions | situation where the dissolved oxygen level of water becomes to low to sustain most aquatic life |
| How are watersheds different from rivers? | Watersheds contain all the land drained by a given river. |
| What relationships are shown on a climatogram? | time, temperature, and precipitation |
| What is the difference between a compound and simple leaf? | A compound leaf contains many leaflets on a common stem, while a simple leaf is only one leaf on a stem. |
| What is a lobe? | an outward protrusion on a leaf |
| What determines group 1, 2, and 3 placement for benthic macroinvertebrates? | pollution tolerance |
| How do you determine a biological assessment? | You observe the presence of benthic macroinvertebrates and use their pollution tolerance to tell how much pollution is in the water. |
| How are fish adapted to their environment? | They have specially shaped fins and bodies to let them swim and cut through water, depending on the speed of the water in which they live. |
| Define Environmental Science | the study of how humans react with the environment |
| Compare Environmental Science with Ecology | Environmental science focuses on how humans react with the environment, while ecology focuses on how living things as a whole interact with other living and nonliving things in their environment. |
| What are the five major fields of study that contribute to environmental science? | Biology, earth science, physics, chemistry, and social sciences |
| What major effect did hunter-gatherers have on the environment? |
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