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A&P Final
Final Exam Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The Science of the structure of the living organism |
| Gross-Anatomy | the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye. |
| Functions necessary for life (7) | Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth |
| What happens when an atom has more electrons than protons? | The atom gains a negative charge |
| Valence electron shell | atom's outermost shell |
| Ionic Bond | When electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another |
| Covalent Bond | The molecule when atoms share electrons |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak bonds when hydrogen atoms bond to electron-hungry nitrogen |
| Synthesis Reaction | (dehydration)When two or more atoms or molecule combine to create an even more complex molecule A+B=AB |
| Decomposition Reaction | (hydrolysis)catabolic destructive processes molecule degrading like in digestion AB= A+B |
| Exchange Reaction | Synthesis and Decomposition mix where molecules are switch between atoms and both degraded and made |
| Buffer | Maintains pH stability by taking up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
| Enzymes | Catalyst in chemical reactions that are charged amino acids. They are specific and are NOT consumed in reaction. |
| Where is DNA always found? | DNA is restricted to the nuclei of cells |
| Osmosis | Cellular transport of H2O out of a cell |
| Aprocine glands | found in the armpit and groin area that secretes a milky substance that can be used as a source of nutrients |
| What is the charge of an atom with more protons than electrons? | Positive |
| Carbohydrates | A 6 ringed glucose molecule structure obtained from diet or storage |
| Monosaccharide | one glucose molecule known as a simple sugar |
| Disaccharide | two simple sugars joined by dehydration |
| Polysaccharide | A long chain of sugars stored as gylcogen |
| Sodium-potassium pump? | Uses ATP to move sodium and potassium against concentration gradient |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules by plasma cell receptors in the cell membrane binding with certain substances |
| Vesicular Transport | Moves substances into or out of cells without them actually crossing the cell membrane |
| Endocytosis | ATP requiring process that take up or engulf extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle |
| Exocytosis | When transmembrane proteins on vesicles recognize certain certain plasma proteins and bind with them |
| Phagocytosis | The ingestion of SOLID PARTICLES by cells |
| Pinocytosis | the engulfing of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID by cells. |
| Mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Interphase | Stage 1 of Mitosis- When DNA replication begins |
| Metaphase | Stage 2 of Mitosis- When chromosomes line up at the center of the spindle |
| Anaphase | Stage 3 of Mitosis- When chromatids split and start to move slowly apart |
| Telophase | Stage 4 of Mitosis- At opposite sides of the cell chromosomes uncoil and become threadlike chromatin again |
| Cytokinesis | Stage 5 of Mitosis- division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided. |
| Transcription | Transfer of DNA information into mRNA |
| Translation | mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence (proien) |
| Keratin | tough protein found in hair, nails, and the epidermis of skin |
| Corneum | dead cells represented by flat membranous sacs with karatine |
| What is the main component of the hypodermis (brain part) | Fat |
| Melanin | A pigment contributing to skin color and protects DNA from UV damage |
| How does loose connective tissue relate to ostification? | Loose connective tissue provides a model for ostification |
| Ossification | the process of bone formation |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells that maintain the matrix |
| Osteoblasts | bone-forming cells |
| Osteoclasts | Bone-destroying cells |
| When do leg bones stop growing | when the epiphysial plate is ossified |
| Where is spongy bone found | in the middle of flat bones |
| Saddle-joint | A multitaxial synovial joint |
| Anaerobic | Aerobic respiration that makes the most ATP |
| What forms cross bridges | Ca+ Calcium |
| Does the A band change in length during sarcomere contraction and what enters during contraction? | No, Na+ (sodium) does |
| Complete tetanus | tetanus produces strong muscle contractions so this is when the muscle is stimulated to rapidly there is no evidence of relaxation |
| Meningitis | A serious threat to the brain because bacteria may spread into the nervous tissue of the CNS |
| Astrocytes | half of the neural tissue that clings to neurons to anchor them to blood capillaries |
| Basal Nuclei | Regulates voluntary motor activities |
| R.A.S. Reticular Activating System | Part of the brain is in charge of the body's awake/sleep cycle(consciousness) |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | a system of nerves that connects the outlying parts of the body with the central nervous system. |
| Somatic nervous system | Voluntary nervous system. |
| What are the three pathways for regenerating ATP for working muscles | Direct Phosphorylation (mitochondria), Anaerobic pathway(no oxygen;cytoplasm), and Aerobic pathway (needs oxygen;happens in the glucose and produces the most ATP) |
| What does the CNS do? | Integration |
| Where is neuroglia cells found in the PSN | Satellite and Schwann cells |
| Schwann-Cells | Mylin sheets in the PNS |
| Satellite-Cells | protective cushioning cells |
| Graded-Potential | a local change in membrane potential/strength of the stimulus |
| Gray Matter | Unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies |
| Anti-Diuretic | prohibits urine production |
| Goiters | Caused by iodine deficiency because of an enlarged thyroid |
| Calcitonin | Released by the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels to store the excess calcium in bones |
| Malaria | Sickle cell anemia protect an individual against |
| Erythrocyte | red blood cell (hemocytoblasts) |
| Neutrophils | phagocyte against infections (hemocytoblasts) |
| Esinophil | Parasites and Allergy attacks (hemocytoblasts) |
| Basophil | Blood thinner (hemocytoblasts) |
| Lymphocytes | B(bone)&T(thymus) lymphocytes for general attack (hemocytoblasts) |
| Monocytes | Clean up cells fighting against chronic infections-largest white blood cell(hemocytoblasts) |
| Lub-Dup | Lub=closing of the AV valves Dub=semilunar valves close |
| Where do B lymphocytes mature | Bone Marrow |
| Inflammation Defense | inflammation, redness, heat |
| Do blood vessels dilate and leak during inflammation | blood vessels do not dilate and leak |
| Are Cytotoxic killer cells activated during inflammation | No |
| What are made in Innate Defenses | B&T Cells |
| What blood type(s) will coagulate when mixed with B blood and why? | A and O will coagulate because of their 'protective' antibodies |
| What are the three layers of the heart (___cardium) | Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium (epithilial) |
| Which layer is the innermost layer of the heart | The Endocardium (Epithilial) |
| Which structure (Artery, Vein or Capillary) has a tunica media? | They call have a Tunica Media as their innermost layer, but for a capillary this is its only layer |
| What pumps lymph fluid | Skeletal Muscle Contractions pump lymph fluid is pumped through lymph vessels by |
| What happens to Helper T cells after their antigen has been removed? | They can no longer suppress an immune response |
| What are the innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms? | Membrane barrier, Chemicals, Natural Killer cells, Inflammatory response, Phagocytes, and interferon |
| Phagocytes | They remove antigens and pathogens |
| What does the submucosa of the GI tack contain? | Blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics |
| What are the layers of the GI track? | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularous, Serosa |
| Brush Boarder enzymes | Complete breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates in the small intestine |
| What is the function of bile? | To break down fat |
| Is protein a component of urine? | No, but uric acids, sodium, and Urea are |
| Saliva includes what? | Salvary amalayse, mucus and serous secretions, and Lingual Lipase |
| What does Corpus Luteum produce when degenerated? | Progesterone |
| Pepsin | an enzyme capable of digesting proteins in an acid pH. |
| What is the purpose of goblet cells in the large intestine? | To produce mucus |
| Glomeruler filration | Water and small solutes forced through the capillary walls and pores of the GLOMERAROUS TO THE RENAL TUBULE |
| Tubular reabsorption | Water, glucose, and amino acids OUT OF TUBULE INTO BLOOD |
| Tubular secretion | drugs removed FROM BLOOD INTO TUBE |
| Atom | the smallest part of an element |
| Ion | an atom with a positive or negative electric charge. |
| Cell Theory and its four concepts | 1. Cell is basic unit of living organisms 2. Activity of organism depends on activity of cell 3.Biochemical activity determined by subcellular structures 4. Life has a cellular basis |
| Synovial Joint | freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity enclosed by fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane. |
| Isotonic | Having a uniform tension |
| Isometric | Of the same length. |
| Hypothalmus | the region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain. |
| Pancreas | Produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions. |
| Urine | filtrate containing waste and excess ions excreted by the kidneys. |
| Filtrate | solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter. |
| Spermatogenesis | Myosis specific for the formation of sperm |
| Oogenesis | Process of ova formation |
| FSH | stimulates spermatogenic cells to produce sperm |
| LH | Stimulates the release of testosterone |
| Progesterone | Helps prepare breast tissue for lactication |
| Estrogen | Growth and maturation in reproductive organs, promotes breast maturation and the menstrual cycle |
| Direct Phosphorylation | Processed in the mitochondria |
| Anaerobic pathway | no oxygen;cytoplasm |
| Aerobic pathway | needs oxygen;happens in the glucose and produces the most ATP |
Created by:
Alexandria Simmons
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