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BIO 152 Final Part 3
Chapter 54 Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecosystem | all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them; populations to communities to ecosystems; processes that emerge are nrg flow and chemical cycling |
| Ecosystem ecology | the study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem; look at ecosystems as energy machines and matter processors |
| Trophic levels | levels of a food chain based on main source of nutrition |
| Detritivore | A consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms; a decomposer; responsible for recycling elements at all levels |
| Law of Thermodynamics | Law of conservation of energy and law of increase of entropy, also the entropy of a system approaches constant value as the temperature approaches zero |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed; energy of the universe is constant |
| Entropy | A measure of disorder, or randomness |
| Law of increase of entropy | Every energy transfer/transformation increases the entropy of the universe; No energy conversion is completely efficient; in ecosystems, ultimately seen as heat to outer space, NOT chemical elements |
| NPP | stored energy available to consumers; it equals GPP-R |
| GPP | total primary production; the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by Ps per unit time |
| Biomass | the total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat |
| PP | usually expressed as biomass of vegetation added per unit area per unit time, ex. g/m^2/yr |
| Standing crop | total biomass of autotrophs at a given time |
| Product efficiency | the percentage of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration or eliminated as waste |
| Trophic efficiency | the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next; 10% of energy (biomass) is transferred |
| Nitrogen cycle | the natural process by which nitrogen is converted by soil bacteria to compounds that can be assimilated by plants; this incorporated nitrogen is taken in by other organisms and released, acted on by bacteria, mad available to the nonliving environment |
| Climate change | earth’s surface has risen by about 1 degree F in past century; most of the warming over past 50 yrs. is human related; humans add CO2, methane, nitrous oxide |
| Natural greenhouse effect | warming of earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of CO2 and certain other gases, which absorb reflected infrared radiation and reradiate some of it back toward earth; without it avg. surface temperature would be about 5 degrees F instead of 60 |
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AliRutherford
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