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Ch. 7: Cells vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | basic units of life |
| Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals |
| Robert Hooke | English scientist who discovered the cellular structure of cork and introduced the term "cell" into biology |
| Cell Theory | 1. Cells are the basic units of life. 2. All living things are made of one or more cells. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| prokaryotes | Any of the group of organisms primarily characterized by the lack of true nucleus and other membrane-bound cell compartments |
| eukaryotes | Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus. |
| eyepiece | The lens system used in an optical instrument for magnification of the image formed by the objective. |
| objectives | The lens or system of lenses in a microscope (or telescope) that is nearest to the object under examination. |
| nosepiece | the end piece of a microscope body, to which an objective is attached |
| coarse adjustment | part of the microscope used when focusing specimen. This knob is generally used when viewing specimen with scanner objective (4X) |
| fine adjustment | part of the microscope that is used for focusing finer details of specimen being viewed. |
| diaphragm | A mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens |
| stage | The part of the microscope which supports the specimen holder and specimen in the microscope |
| cell wall | A membrane of the cell that forms external to the cell membrane whose main role is to give cells rigidity, strength and protection against mechanical stress |
| cell membrane | The outer covering of the cell consisting of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. |
| cellulose | The fibrous carbohydrate found in the cell walls of green plants, some algae and oomycetes. It provides strength and rigidity to plant cells. |
| glucose | Glucose is one of the products of photosynthesis in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. |
| homeostasis | The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions |
| selectively permeable | A feature and a function of the plasma membrane that is essential to maintain homeostasis by regulating the passage of some substances while preventing others from entering the cell. |
| lipid | major biological functions involve energy storage, structural component of cell membrane, and cell signaling. |
| phospholipid | A lipid with one or more phosphate groups attached to it. |
| hydrophobic | Resistant to water. |
| hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding; hygroscopic. |
| fluid mosaic model | A model conceived by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 to describe the structural features of biological membranes. |
| amino acids | The building block of protein in which each is coded for by a codon and linked together through peptide bonds. |
| protein | A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. |
| organelle | "Little organs" that perform special functions. They are membrane-bound compartments or structures of a cell. |
| nucleus | The large, membrane-bounded organelle that contains the genetic material, in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes. |
| nucleolus | The round granular structure within the nucleus of a cell, and composed of protein and RNA. |
| chromatin | A complex of nucleic acids and protein that package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and to serve as a mechanism to control expression. |
| ribosomes | A minute particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that serves as the site of protein synthesis. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | A membrane-bounded organelle that occurs as labyrinthine, interconnected flattened sacs or tubules that is connected to the nuclear membrane, runs through the cytoplasm, and may well extend into the cell membrane. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | An ER made up of a system of membranous tubes and sacs, that is studded with ribosomes on its surface giving it a rough appearance under the microscope |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | A part of endoplasmic reticulum that is tubular in form (rather than sheet-like) and lacks ribosomes |
| mitochondria | Spherical or rod-shaped organelles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, and are referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell" |
| ATP | An organic compound composed of adenosine (an adenine ring and a ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups, hence, the name. |
| cristae | The infoldings or inward projections of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, which are studded with proteins and increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur like cellular respiration. |
| golgi | An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells identified in 1898 by the Italian physician Camilo Golgi. |
| complex | A net-like structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions). |
| vacuole | A membrane-bound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell whose function includes intracellular secretion, excretion, storage, and digestion. |
| lysosome | Organelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used primarily for digestion and removal of excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. |
| chloroplast | Chlorophyll-containing plastid found within the cells of plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes. |
Created by:
wesley.whitton
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