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Test #2
Reduced Population Size and Habitat Fragmentation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Story tale intro (memorize) | Once many habitats stretched long distances. Now forest covers are broken up into small patches-fragmented |
| What is causing extinctions? | Human activities |
| What species are at greater risk of extinction? | Rare species |
| Three aspects of rarity | Geographic Range / Habitat Tolerance / Local Population Size |
| Least three risk of extinction | Restricted Geographic Range / Narrow Habitat Tolerance / Small Local Population |
| NOT risk of extinction | Extensive Geographic Range / Broad Habitat Tolerance / Large Local Population |
| Ex) Restricted Geographic Range | Galapagos Medium Ground Finch (drought) |
| Ex) Narrow Habitat Tolerance | California Grey Whale (Can only survive in certain habitats) |
| Ex) Small Local Population | Tiger |
| Ex) Restricted and Narrow | Fish Crow |
| Ex) Restricted and Small | Tasmanian Devil (lives on a island in Austriala) |
| EX) Narrow and Small | Northern Spotted Owl (cutting down trees) |
| Ex) All three aspects: Narrow, Restricted, and Small | Mountain Gorilla and California Condor |
| Why might California Condor lack of feathers be a survival tool? | Decreases the amount of diseases while eating dead organisms |
| To preserve species | We need to develop particular nature preserves |
| Smaller population sizes leads to | Extinction |
| What are the direct consequences of a small population size? Ex) Big Horn Sheep | Increase risk of extinction |
| What are the genetic consequences of a small population size? | Loss of genetic variability |
| Examples of genetic variability loss | Cheetahs, Rhinos, Northern Elephant Seals, Scarlet Gilia |
| What are other consequences of genetic variability? | Small population leads to increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression |
| Deleterious alleles form causing | Lower fitness |
| Harmful alleles | Higher mortality (survival rate goes down) |
| Normal and harmful allele | Decrease mortality |
| Larger population contunie to grow b/c of | Genetic Variability compared to small populations |
| Define inbreeding | Mating of related individuals (1st cousin), increases mortality rate |
| Define inbreeding depression | Lower survival of offspring |
| What can also cause additional problems to populations? | Habitat Fragmentation |
| What declines the biomass? | The death of large trees near the forest edge |
| Biomass | Amount of biological matter and weigh it |
| What happens inside forest fragments? | Increase tree mortality. air temp, bird density, and invasion of species disturbance (butterflies) |
| What conclusion can be made about Habitat Fragmentation? | ---- |
| Conclusion 1 | Small patches have high extinction rates |
| Conclusion 2 | Less forests means less POLLINATION and FRUIT PRODUCTIO |
| An example that shows habitat fragmentation closer to home | Eastern North American forest birds in Rock Creek Park, Washington D.C. |
| The 4 birds that settle in the Park | Red Eyed Vireo / Wood Thrush / Black and White Warbler / Brown-headed Cowbird |
| What does the Brown-headed Cowbird do to the other birds? | Reproduce offspring, but never raises them. They instead give them to the other 3 birds (places them in their nests) |
| How does this help Cowbirds? | Increases their population size |
| Are there secondary consequences to bird lose? | YES |
| If you cage the birds what happens? | Higher density in insects and more damage in biomass |
| If the area is sprayed what happens? | More birds, less insects help maintain biomass |
Created by:
animalsavior
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