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Bio-Cellular Vocab
60 words vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carcinogen | Any substance that is directly involved in causing cancer. |
| Carcinoma | Most common cancer form; originates in tissue lining inner and outer surfaces of the body. |
| Sarcomas | Cancer cells formed from mesenchyme tissues--bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle. |
| Malignant Tumor | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site. |
| Tumor | An abnormal mass of tissue resulting from abnormal growth or division of cells. |
| Metastasis | A cancerous tumor containing cells that are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. |
| Benign Tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that are highly unlikely to spread (metastasize) to another location. |
| Lymphomas | A blood cancer where white blood cells divide faster and live longer than they are supposed to (eventually forms a tumor). |
| Leukemia | Blood or b one marrow cancer characterized by an abnormal increase in immature white blood cells called blasts. |
| Antigen | A substance that elicits an immune responce to receptors of ZB cells, anitbodies, or of T cells |
| Oncology | A branch of medicine that deals with cancer (study of tumors) |
| Mutagen | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation. |
| Point Mutation | A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene. |
| Missense Mutation | Nucleotide-pair substitution resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. |
| Silent Mutation | Nucleotide-pair with no observable effect on phenomenon (codes for same amino acid). |
| Base-pair Substitution | Type of mutation invovling substitution of a single nucleotide base with another DNA or RNA molecule. |
| Deletion | A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or deficient in number. |
| Non-disjunction | An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other. |
| Translocation | Aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a non-homologous chromosome. |
| Sex-linked gene | A gene located on either sex chromosome. |
| X-linked gene | A gene located on the x chromosome; these genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance. |
| linked gene | Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together. |
| Activator | A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes. |
| Repressor | A protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, they bind to the DNA in or near the promoter. In eukaryotes they may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to |
| Corepressor | A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on. |
| Oncogenes | A gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer. |
| Proto-oncogene | A normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene. |
| Virulence | Describing a pathogen against which an organism has little specific defense. |
| Viroids | A plant pathogen consisting of a molecule of naked, circular RNA a few hundred nucleotides long. |
| Pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. |
| epistasis | Type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene. |
| Prions | An infectious agent that is a misfolded version of a normal cellular protein. Prions appear to increase in number by converting correctly folded versions of the protein to more prions. |
| p53 Gene | A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. |
| Pandemic | A global epidemic |
| Regulatory Gene | A tumor supressing gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle. |
| ras Protein | A G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle. |
| Barr body | A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells in female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome. |
| Retrovirus | An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancerous viruses. |
| Bacteriophage | A virus that affects bacteria |
| Capsid | The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape. |
| Adult stem cell | Undifferentiated cells found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. |
| Embryonic stem cell | Pluripotent stem cells derived from an inner cell mass of blastocyst, an early stage embryo. |
| Homeotic genes | Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organiztion of the body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. |
| Anchorage Dependent | The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division. |
| Homeobox | A 180 nucleotide sequence within homeotic genes and some other developmental genes that is widely conserved in animals. |
| Monosomic | A diploid cell with only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. |
| Trisomic | A diploid cell with three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. |
| polyploidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of the cell division. |
| Tumor Suppressor Gene | Observed in normal animal cells, that causes them to stop dividing when they come in contact with one another. |
| Inversion | A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs of genes. |
| Duplication | An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated. |
| Pluripotent | Describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism. |
| Totipotent | Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extra embryonic membranes in species that have them. |
| Operator | In bacterial and phage DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active oppressor can attach. |
| Operon | A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway. |
| Lac Operon | An operon required for transport and metabolism of lactose in E coli. |
| Inducer | A specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on. |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in Eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial Operons. |
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Napomian
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