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Microbiology
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the role of public health programs? | They work to prevent diseases and control those that do occur in an area. |
| What is a nosocomial infection? | An infection that occurs while in the hospital. |
| What are the ways that disease transmission can be decreased? | Decreasing reservoirs for microbes such as spray for mosquitoes, wash hands, treating drinking water, treating sewage that goes into local drinking water sources. |
| What are the different types of immunizations? | Active and Passive. |
| What body parts are considered to be sterile under normal circumstances? | Brain, heart, muscle, blood, and bone. |
| What is the NF of skin? | 15% of body's weight, in wet areas 1 mil/sq. cm., in dry areas 10,000 / sq. cm. |
| What ways does the body have to prevent infections of the skin? | Sweat, sebum, keratin, dry skin, skin layers, and normal resident flora. |
| Staphylococcus aureus causes what infection? | Impetigo, boils, abscesses, food poisoning, endocarditis and TSS. |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of how, when and where diseases occur. |
| Varicella zoster causes what infections? | Chickenpox, shingles. Human is the only known reservoir. After initial infection the virus becomes latent and remains in the spinal ganglia. Initial infection is in superficial skin mostly in kids. No ASPIRIN sh/be administered to kids with infection. |
| What is the difference between an empiric and a differential decision? | Empiric decision is based on experience, differential is based on evidence. |
| What toxins does S. aureus produce? | Alpha/gamma, leukocidins, exfoliative. |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes what infections? | GNR. Secondary infections i.e. burn pt., diabetic, cancer. Nosocomial infections. |
| Clostridium perfringens causes what infections? | GPR. Anaerobic, found in soil. Causes gas gangrene. Produces toxin that kills cells and produces gas. Tx: Amputation |
| Acne causes what? | NOT an infection - it's an inflammatory disorder due to sebum being trapped in the pores which NF breaks down into fatty acids. |
| Streptococcus pyogenes causes what infections? | Impetigo and Erysipelas |
| Impetigo | A superficial, non-life threatening infection most often found in children. Starts as a small skin lesion that grows and oozes a golden colored fluid. Spreads easily by fomite contact. Tx with abx effective. |
| Erysipelas | An infection of the underlying dermis and epidermis. Spreads quickly due to lymph involvement and can become systemic as it enters the bloodstream. Can be fatal. |
| What toxins does S. pyogenes produce? | Erythrogenic, leukocidins, streptolysin, streptokinase, and hyaluronidase. |
| Erythrogenic toxin | Lyses RBC's. |
| Leukocidins | Kills leukocytes (WBC's). |
| Streptolysin | Lyses RBC's. |
| Streptokinase | Dissolves clots (used to treat MI, DVT, stroke). |
| Hyaluronidase | Enzyme that loosens the cells attachment to each other. |
| What is active immunization? | A person can make their own Ab to a specific Ag. |
| What is passive immunization? | A person is given the Ab that were made somewhere else. |
| Descriptive Epi | Gives general information about a disease. |
| Surveillance Epi | Tracks epidemics - monitors the stuff that leads to a disease and then follows it once it occurs. |
| Field Epi | Investigates actual disease outbreaks. |
| Hospital Epi | Sick people get sick whole being treated (while in a hospital). |
| Mycobacterium leprae causes what infection? | Leprosy aka Hansen's disease. Transmitted by secretions. |
| Herpes simplex type I causes what? | Fever blisters. Primarily infects skin and mucous membranes, but will infect any part the virus comes in contact with. |
| Rubeola causes what? | Measles, an RNA enveloped virus. Human is the only known reservoir. Transmitted by inhalation, and multiplies in the respiratory tract. Person to Person. |
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Aka common warts. DNA virus. Not contagious, disappears on its own over time. Some types can lead to skin cancer. |
| Helminth | River blindness aka onchocerciasis. 18 million people infected. Disease of both the skin and the eyes. |
| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the inside lining of the heart. |
| Acute bacterial endocarditis characteristics. | Has a sudden onset of symptoms, commonly due to S. aureus, damages heart valves due to large numbers of bacteria adhering to the endocardial surface. |
| Subacute baterial endocarditis characteristics. | Normally occurs in patient with pre-existing heart defects, defects acts as adhesion spot for the bacteria, slower progression, TX is ABX, No treatment is usually fatal. |
| Myocarditis | Inflammation of the heart muscle. |
| Viral myocarditis is caused by? | Commonly caused by Coxsackie virus - mild problems, treatment is rest, prognosis generally good. |
| Chaga's disease is caused by? | Trypanosoma cruzi. |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the sac-like covering around the heart. |
| Pericarditis characteristics. | Usually viral, can be bacterial, protozoal or fungal. Commonly caused by Enterovirus, mostly self-limiting. |
| Lyme disease is caused by what microbe? | Borrelia burgdorferi, vector borne - tick usual route. |
| 3 stages of Lyme disease. | Stage 1: rash at bite site, Stage 2: bacteria spreads to lymph, brain, etc., Stage 3: chronic arthritis. |
| What is the last host of Lyme disease? | MUST be a deer. |
| Relapsing fever is caused by what microbe? | Borrelia sp. |
| Anthrax is caused by what microbe? | Bacillus anthracis |
| 3 forms of anthrax. | Cutaneous, respiratory, and GI anthrax. |
| Cat scratch disease is caused by what microbe? | Bartonella hensalae. GNR. |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by what microbe? | Rickettsia rickettsii. GNR. |
| Rickettsia rickettsii. | Intracellular parasite for humans. Transmitted by tick, flea, or louse. |
| Typhus is caused by what microbe? | Richettsiae sp. |
| 2 forms of Typhus. | 1. Epidemic - caused by R. prowazekii 2. Murine - flea borne, caused by R. typhi. |
| Infectious mononucleosis is caused by what virus? | Epstein Barr virus |
| AIDS is caused by what virus? | Human immunodeficiency virus. |
| Bacteremia | Bacteria in the bloodstream and is usually harmless. |
| Septicemia | Commonly fatal, more persistant and harder to cure. |
| What 4 Plasmodium species causes Malaria? | P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. vivax. |
| Malaria has sexual and asexual reproduction. Where does the asexual reproduction occur? | In the human liver and/or RBC's. |
| Toxoplasmosis is caused by what microbe? | T. gondii - an obligate intracellular parasite. |
| (Helminth) Schistosomiasis | A blood fluke (flatworm). Human w/ infection deposits feces in water --> egg in feces hatch in water and infect snail --> eggs mature in snail, and larvae are released in water --> larvae penetrate human skin in water --> larvae enter bloodstream. |
| (Helminth) Filariasis | Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi. Transmitted by mosquitoes. Mosquito bite human insert larvae --> larvae enter skin, move to lymph nodes to mature into worms --> 1 yr later worms mate and babies are picked up by mosquito who bites human. |
| Endemic | Always present in a population (no big increase). |
| Pandemic | Worldwide epidemic. |
| Epidemic | A disease that occurs in large numbers in a population in a short time frame. |
| Sporadic | Disease that is occasionally found in a population. |
Created by:
RTadesse
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