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Microbiology
Study Notes V1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F: Mutualism8: in this symbiosis, one species benefits, while the other is harmed | False |
| T/F: Nitrogen fixation means the conversion of ammonia to nitrogen gas, and is an example of parasitism | False In fixation, N2 is reduced to ammonia (N≡N NH3) by the enzyme complex nitrogenase Nitrogen fixation is an example of mutualism |
| T/F: Collagenase, is a microbial enzyme associated with virulence that spills lecithin in plasma membranes | False Lecithinase does this |
| T/F: Lysozyme, present in tears and nasal secretions, is an example of nonspecific host resistance | True Innate (non-specific) resistance does not depend on prior exposure of the host to the invading organism |
| T/F: Inflammation in a human results in 4 symptoms: edema, erythema, pain, and confusion | False (Heat, not confusion) Inflammation is the body’s nonspecific response to injury, irritation, or infection Dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, producing edema, erythema, pain, and HEAT |
| T/F: Nitrogenase is an enzyme complex involved in nitrogen fixation and is reversibly destroyed when exposed to oxygen | False Nitrogenase is IRREVERSIBLY destroyed when exposed to oxygen |
| T/F: During the prodromal period symptoms reach their peak | False Prodromal period- visible symptoms, symptoms first appear Acute period- symptoms reach their peak Decline period- disease resolves Convalescent period- patient recovers |
| T/F: Toxoids are chemically activated exotoxins that have lost their toxicity | True Exotoxins converted to toxoids via formaldehyde treatment They have lost their toxic activity but are still immunogenic Will cause the production of an immune response in humans |
| T/F: Erythrogenic toxin is produced by S. aureus | False Erythrogenic toxin is produced by S. pyogenes Scarlet fever is caused by lysogenic strains of s. pyogenes that synthesize the exotoxin Causes a red rash throughout the body Penicillin is treatment |
| T/F: With the Quellung reaction, “capsular swelling” is used to detect streptococcus | True S. pneumonia is gram + and encapsulated Quellung reaction- capsular swelling in the presence of antisera directed against capsular antigens |
| T/F: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are heat stable and usually implicated in food intoxications | True Staphylococcal food poisoning Heat stable enterotoxins |
| T/F: Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram + cocci in clusters that demonstrate beta-hemolysis | False Gram positive cocci in CHAINS Staph= cluster Catalase – |
| T/F: Diptheria toxin inhibits the elongation step of protein synthesis | True Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae Produces Babes-Ernst bodies Strains with lysogenic bearing prophage produce the diphtheria exotoxin cleaved into fragments A & B |
| T/F: 2 hemolysins are produced by streptococcus pyogenes, streptolysin O is the one produced on bacteriological medium exposed to oxygen | False Streptolysin O is INACTIVATED by oxygen |
| T/F: Haemophilus influenza, strain b causes meningitis in children aged 2 to 60 months of age | True Meningitis- an infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord can be caused by a variety of bacteria |
| T/F: E. coli 0157:H7 results in hemolytic-urine syndrome, a food illness associated w/ improperly cooked ground beef and/ or lettuce | True Four groups of E. coli associated with human intestinal disease EHEC hemolytic-uremic syndrome is associated with E. coli 0157:H7 Recent outbreaks in lettuce fields in CA |
| T/F: St. Anthony’s Fire is an example of an erysipelas caused by Streptococcus pyogenes | True Erysipelas is a skin disease caused by S. pyogenes Called St. Anthony’s fire because bright red patches appear on the skin |
| T/F: In common source epidemics, a group of people are exposed one at a time (? | True Common source epidemic- a group of people are exposed at one time to a particular disease agent from a common source of contamination Ex: botulism outbreak from people eating at a single restaurant |
| Propagated epidemic: | infectious agent is transmitted from one host to another via direct contact or a vector Ex: measles outbreak from one student to many others |
| T/F: Pseudomonads are the most common denitrifiers, turning ammonia into nitrogen gas | True Denitrification- formation of N2 as well as NO and N2O from nitrite or nitrate Pseudomonads most common denitrifier, nitrate reductase |
| T/F: Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, produces an IgA protease, which aids in pathogenesis | False Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum BUT N. gonorrhea produces an IgA protease which helps with pathogenesis |
| T/F: Bacillus thuringeinsis is a biological pesticide that inhibits mosquitoes | True During sporulation, B. thuringiensis generates a crystal that contains an insecticidal protein known as delta-endotoxin |
| T/F: Yogurt has the following starter cultures; Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus | True Raw materials are heated an cooled Then inoculated with S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus in a 1:1 ratio Strep gives acid, lactobacilli produces flavor |
| T/F: The quorum sensing in flashlight fish involves gene expression of light depending on the density of the population of bacteria | True Symbiotic relationship involves luminescent bacteria and fishes of the family Anomalopidae Light emitted is used to communicate, lure prey, and confuse predators |
| T/F: The biochemical means of measuring sewage treatment is pH | False (its BOD/COD, not pH) Sewage is measured by COD and BOD |
| BOD : ? | biochemical oxygen demand Quantity of oxygen required to meet the metabolic demands of microbes oxidizing the organic matter in the water |
| COD : ? | less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biologically active organic matter |
| T/F: The neurotoxin Clostridium botulinum blocks the release of acetylcholine | True Botulium toxin (1 mg could kill 1,000 people!) is an example of a neurotoxin Blocks the release of acetylcholine |
| T/F: Steric aerobic bacteria, bacteroides, deal with dental something… | False Are anaerobic Used in digestive tract for breaking down food |
| Soil fungus that are closely associated with the roots of vascular plants that penetrate the plant cortical cells | endomycorrhizae Fungi penetrate into root cortical cells and form special structure within the cortical cells |
| The relationship between the ruminants and the bacteria in their rumen is a | mutualistic relationship |
| Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is caused by | Chlamydia trachomatis Inflammation of the urethra not caused by N. gonorrhoeae These are caused by C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum These strains are sometimes difficult to isolate and cultivate in the lab |
| Psuedomembranous colitis is made by | Clostridium difficile |
| What causes “oral thrush” | Candida albicanus |
| Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay detects | endotoxin Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay (LAL assay) detects 10-12 g quantities of LPS |
| What does the sebaceous gland form/secrete on the skin | sebum Non specific host resistance for antimicrobial protection Sebaceous gland produces an oily substance to form a film on the skin’s surface (sebum) |
| What granulocyte releases histamine | basophils Granulocytes have a short life span of 2 weeks Basophils contain vasodilator histamine released during hypersensitive reactions, causes increased capillary permeability |
| What develops in the bone marrow? A) T cells B) B cells C) macrophages D) B and C E) none of the above | B) B cells B and T lymphocytes both originate in the bone marrow B cell lymphocytes mature in bone marrow and T cell lymphocytes mature in the thymus |
| Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta | IgG The only immunoglobulin to cross the placenta, provides immunity to the neonate 80% of all antibodies found in the human body Binds to microbes to enhance their phagocytosis and lysis Reacts with surface Ag to activate complement |
| Which immunoglobulin is involved with Type I hypersensitivity reactions and attach to mast cells | IgE Found in low concentrations throughout the body Is involved with Type I hypersensitivity reactions Attached to tissue mast cells and basophiles Stimulate cells to release histamine and serotonin when bound to antigen |
| What causes whooping cough | Bordetella pertussis Gram negative bacterium that causes acute respiratory disease Transmitted through infected droplets in the air Highly contagious |
| What is the acid forming bacteria that results in the destruction of tooth enamel and also causes plaque | Streptococcus mutans Dental caries: destruction of the tooth enamel by acid-forming bacteria S. mutans is the principal bacterium responsible for caries Makes dextrans from sucrose which gives it adherence to teeth |
| What causes stomach ulcers | Helicobacter pylori Some acid-tolerant bacteria and H. pylori exist in the stomach pH becomes less acidic in the lower portion of the small intestine, numbers and diversity of flora increase |
| What results in “rice water stools” and loss of 10-15L/day of water and electrolytes | Vibrio cholera Seen in developing countries when fecal matter contaminates water supplies 2-5 days incubation Abdominal cramps, appetite loss, vomiting, watery diarrhea, loss of 10-15 L of fluid a day Not tissue invasive |
| What is also known as “bacillary dysentery” | Shigella sonnei |
| What causes toxic shock syndrome | Staphylococcus aureus Disease first described in 1978, caused by S. aureus In 1980, 941 cases, 73 deaths Superabsorbent tampons involved (WTF?) |
| The method used to preserve milk that kills all non spore forming bacteria | pasteurization LTH: low temp holding 62.8 C for 30 min HTST: high temp short time 71.7C for 15 sec UHT: ultra high temp 137.8 C for a few seconds then placed in sterile container |
| What enzyme is tested for to ensure that raw milk has been properly pasteurized | phosphatases Phosphatases are enzymes in raw milk that are destroyed by pasteurization The absence of this enzyme in raw milk means the raw milk was pasteurized properly Degrades disodium phenylphosphate to phenol and sodium phosphate |
| What is cut meat inoculated with? | Pediococcus acidilactici; also Staphylococcus carnosus Cut meat, add spices, add starter culture: P. acidilactici & S. carnosus Fermentation occurs, pH drops below 5 Add nitrites to control C. botulinum |
| Heating of commercial canned goods at high temperature is to destroy what | Clostridium botulinum 100 C for foods with pH below 4 121 C for foods with pH above 4.5 A heat-resistant spore, B. stearothermophilus is a QC indicator test organism |
| In “sour mash” whiskies, there are two types of fermentation, one done by bacteria and one done by a yeast; what is the bacteria used | Lactobacillus delbrueckii L. delbrueckii is primary fermentation bacteria S. cervisiae is the yeast used for fermentation next |
| Cellulases are used to help produce | stone washed denim Cellulases differ from fungal cellulases; function best at neutral pH values Used in fruit juice and olive oil extractions |
| What makes citric acid in the food industry | Aspergillus niger Organic acids Aspergillus niger makes citric acid Lactobacillus delbrueckii makes lactic acid, used for the food industry |
| Dextrans, homopolysaccharides, are made from what | Leuconostoc dextranicum |
| An infectious agent being passed on from one host to another via direct contact is | propagated epidemic Common source epidemic- a group of people are exposed at one time to a particular disease agent from a common source of contamination |
| Cytomegalovirus, the Epstein-Barr virus, and the Varicella-Zoster viruses are a part of which family? | Herpesviridae |
| An intestinal parasite that can be found in drinking water is | Gardia lamlia |
| The algae used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries is | Carragreenin |
| The event that led to the foundations of modern epidemiology… | Spoiling of poultry Spoilage in chicken processing is usually caused by Pseudomonas In chicken houses, Salmonella |
| T/F: Potato blight, which caused "the great Irish famine", is an example of parasitism | TRUE |
| Bdellovibrio is? | a parasitic Gram – bacterium that preys on other Gram – bacteria |
| Iatragenic ? | physician-induced infections |
| Toxoids can be used as | Inoculations |
| Cytokine storm = ? | flu = body’s response is worse than infection |
| Diversity in antibodies? | Different parts of the human chromosome encode for the constant and variable portions of the Ig molecule, and are rearranged in B cells during development Combinatorial joining- rearrangement of gene sequences V regions |
| Interferons? | - produced in response to viral infections Induce resistance to viral replication Increase synthesis of molecules that make infected cells more susceptible to T cells |
| Interferons? | Activate cells that kill virus-infected cells selectively Proteins that can knock out a viral infection We make it to destroy viruses Inducers = dsRNA, stimulates other genes |
| HLA? | histocompatibility antigens On cell surfaces |
| Sabine vaccine? | live-attenuated to knock out polio Herd immunity is done by vaccination |
| Allergies? | Type 1 hypersensitive reaction Anaphylactic reactions Antibody mediated Involve IgE |
| Complement cascade? | Complement is a set of plasma proteins that act together to attack extracellular pathogens |
| 1. What develops in the bone marrow? A) T cells B) B cells C) macrophages D) B and C E) none of the above | B |
| Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? | IgG |
| Which immunoglobulin is involved with Type I hypersensitivity reactions and attach to mast cells | IgE |
| What causes whooping cough | Bordetella pertussis |
| What is the acid forming bacteria that results in the destruction of tooth enamel and also causes plaque | Streptococcus mutans |
| What causes stomach ulcers | Helicobacter pylori |
| What results in “rice water stools” and loss of 10-15L/day of water and electrolytes | Vibrio cholerae |
| What is also known as “bacillary dysentery” | Shigella sonnei |
| Cellulases are used to help produce | stone washed denim |
| What makes citric acid in the food industry | Aspergillus niger |
| Dextrans, homopolysaccharides, are made from what | Leuconostoc dextranicum |
| Nitrogen Fixation is converts nitrogen gas to ammonia and is an example of ? | Mutualism |
| Potato blight, which caused "the great Irish famine" is an example of? | Parasitism |
Created by:
tampa
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