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BIO 152 Final Part 1
Chapter 34 Part 1 Kingdom Animalia, Vertebrate Evolution, and Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chordate | Bilaterally symmetrical animals that belong to Deuterostomes |
| Four characteristics of chordates | Notochord, Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, Muscular tail |
| Notochord | Longitudinal, flexible, sturdy rod along the length of the animal. Located between the nerve cord and gut |
| Nerve cord | dorsal, hollow nervous tissue (a.k.a. spinal cord) |
| Pharyngeal Slits of Clefts | the pharynx portion of the gut that opens up to the outside. Allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract |
| Muscular, Post-Anal tail | The body extends beyond the anus |
| Phylum Chordata | Subphylum Urochordata and Vertebrates |
| Subphylum Urochordata | Do not have a true backbone but they have characteristics of other chordates (ex. Tunicates “sea squirts”) |
| Vertebrates | Do have a true backbone and spinal cord is enlarged at one end (Brain) |
| Agnatha | Jawless vertebrates that were common 500 million years ago. They could not chew food so they filtered food particles from seawater using pharyngeal slits; gills also absorbed oxygen from the water |
| Lamprey | one of the few Agnathans existing today; parasitic blood-sucking fish |
| Jaw | Part of one gill became hardened with cartilage. These enable fish to eat big pieces of food and instead of filtering water for food, the remaining gills were used for oxygen absorption |
| Amphibians | first vertebrates that moved on to land, although they are still very dependent on water (their eggs are laid in water, tadpoles breath water, and skin of adults must be kept moist) |
| Salamanders | least sophisticated amphibians |
| Most sophisticated | frogs and toads |
| Tetrapods | four legged animals that derived from rhipidistians during Devonian period; the first ones were amphibians |
| Amniotes | a group of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles and mammals; reptiles, birds, mammals; can live in drier places than amphibians and produce eggs that are protected by membranes |
| Amniotic egg | contains four specialized membranes (extraembryonic membranes); the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and the allantois |
| Amnion | protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock |
| Chorion | exchange gases between the embryo and the air |
| Yolk sac | contains nutrients |
| Allantois | disposal sac for wastes |
| Reptiles | evolved from amphibians by adapting to life in drier habits. Their skin is covered with keratin protein for protection. They are ectothermic but can “regulate” temperature. Their eggs are covered in a hard shell |
| Dinosaurs | large terrestrial reptiles from 330-65 MYA who had a mass extinction at the end of the Mezozoic era; may have been endothermic |
| Birds | evolved as a lineage from the dinosaurs (feathered reptiles); eyes have highest acuity and large brain for processing complex information |
| Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs | feathered but flightless dinosaurs |
| Mammals | evolved from reptiles prior to dinosaurs or birds; earliest are from 220 MYA; first were small, nocturnal, insectivores |
| Non-placental mammals | marsupials and monotremes (duckbill platypus and spiny anteater) |
| Eustenopteron | A lobe-finned fish |
| Eryops | An early, extinct amphibian |
| Rhipidistian | lobe-finned fish that are the ancestors of tetrapods |
| Tiktaalik roseae (a sarcopterygian) | Intermediate between Panderichthys and early tetrapods |
| Beyond Panderichthys | A lengthened snout, a mobile neck, overlapping (imbricate) ribs and a highly flexible pectoral girdle to life body off a substrate (with wrist), buccal pumping |
| Fish gave us | Vertebrae, Jaws, Lungs, and Limbs |
| Plesiosaurs | Aquatic reptile that lived in the past |
| Pterosaurs | Flying reptile that lived in the past |
| Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs | Feathered but flightless dinosaurs; sinoauropteryx with a fringe of filaments; caudipteryx with true feathers |
| Characteristics that enable birds to fly | Honeycomb bones, wings and feathers, large muscles, high metabolic activity (endothermic) |
| Stapes | The third of three bones in the middle ear of mammals; also called the stirrup |
| Incus | The second of thre bones in the middle ear of mammals; also called the anvil |
| Malleus | The first of three bones in the middle ear of mammals; also called the hammer |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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