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Cumulative Review
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the three characteristics of a chordate. | Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches and arches |
| What replaces the notochord? | Vertebrae |
| What develops into the spinal cord? | Dorsal hollow nerve cord (both have "cord" in the name) |
| Name the segmental structures of the human body | Skin, vertebrae, ribs, back muscles, and sternum |
| What do somites give rise to? | Vertebrae and ribs, skin, back muscles, and body wall muscles. |
| What parts of the body are not segmental in origin? | Digestive, respiratory, and body cavities |
| Axial skeleton | vertebrae, ribs, sternum |
| Appendicular skeleton | Lower limbs and pelvis |
| What is the function of vertebral processes? | Muscle attachment |
| Function of vertebral body? | Stacking to make spinal cord |
| Spina bifida | Failure of a spinal arch to develop- dorsal herniation of the spinal cord covering meninges of spinal cord itself. |
| Why does the atlas have no body? | It is fused to the dens of axis |
| What do ligaments connect? | Bones to bones |
| Why does the spine have curvature? | Balance and resilience |
| The ball inside the intervertebral disk is called the ______. The surrounding material is called the _______. | Nucleus pulposis, annulus fibrosis |
| What is the nucleus pulposis a remnant of? | Notochord |
| What runs through the intervertebral foramina? | Spinal nerves |
| What region are ribs only found in? | Thoracic region |
| What action(s) do the epaxial muscles have? | Extending the vertebral column and laterally flexing the vertebral column. |
| Splenius | O- Inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of T1-6 verts I-Mastoid process and transverse processes of C1-4 verts A- Extend head and neck, laterally flex head and neck Inn- Cervical and thoracic dorsal rami |
| What are the three erector spinae muscles? | Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis |
| What are the deepest epaxial muscles? | Semispinalis and multifidus |
| Longissimus | O- Posterior sacrum, iliac crest, and spinous processes of lumbar and sacral verts I- Mastoid process and transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae A- Extend head and spine, lat flex head and spine Inn- Dorsal rami |
| Iliocostalis | O- Posterior sacrum, iliac crest, and spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae I- Angles of rubs and transverse processes of C4-6 A- Extend head and spine, lat flex head and spine Inn- Dorsal rami |
| Spinalis | O- Posterior sacrum, ilium, and spinous processes of sacral and lumbar vertebrae. I- Spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae A- Extend head and spine, laterally flex head and spine. Inn- Dorsal Rami |
| Semispinalis | O- Transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae I- Transverse processes of vertebrae 6-7 segments superior to origin, posterior skull near midline A- extend head and spine, laterally flex head and spine Inn- Cervical and thoracic dorsal rami |
| Multifidus | O- Transverse processes of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral verts I- Spinous processes of vertebrae 2-3 superior to origin A- Extend and laterally flex spine Inn- Dorsal rami |
| Internal Oblique | O-Thorocolumnar fascia, inguinal ligament, and iliac crest I- linea alba via rectus sheath and lower 3 ribs A-Compress/rotate/flex trunk Inn- Thoracic and lumbar ventral rami |
| External oblique | O-Lower 8 ribs I- Linea alba via rectus sheath and iliac crest A-Compress/flex/rotate trunk Inn-Thoracic ventral rami |
| Transverse abdominis | O- Lower 8 ribs, thorocolumnar fascia, inguinal ligament, and iliac crest I-Linea alba via rectus sheath A-Compress trunk Inn-Thorcic and lumbar ventral rami. |
| Quadratus Lumborum | O-Iliac crest I-Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and rib 12 A-Extend/laterally flex vertebral column Inn-Thoracic and lumbar ventral rami |
| Rectus abdominis | O-Pubic bone I-Sternum and costal cartilages 5-7 A-Compress trunk Inn-Thoracic ventral rami |
| What is the area where the rectus sheath ends called? | Arcuate line |
| What is the function/action of the thoracic hypaxial muscles? | Contain thoracic viscera and elevate/depress ribs for breathing |
| Transverse thoracis | O-Posterior sternum I-Internal surfaces of ribs 2-6 A-Depress ribs Inn-Intercostal nerve (thoracic ventral rami) |
| External Intercostal | Fibers run in same direction as external oblique. A- elevate ribcage during quiet inspiration Inn- Intercostal n (thoracic ventral rami) |
| Internal Intercostal | Fibers run in same direction as internal oblique A-Depress ribs during forced exhalation Inn- Intercostal n (thoracic ventral rami) |
| Function of the pelvic hypxial muscles? | Contain and support pelvic viscera |
| Is the pelvic diaphragm derived from somites? | Yes! |
| Levator ani | O-Med surface of pelvis from pubis to isch spine I-Coccyx, levator ani muscle of the opposite side, and the structures that surround it A-raises pelvic floor, compresses and contains pelvic viscera, compresses abdominal contents Inn-Sacral ventral rami |
| Is the nervous system segmental? Derived from somites? | No |
| CNS | Brain and spinal cord (recievers) |
| PNS | Cranial and spinal nerves (senders) |
| What is a nerve made up of? | Individual neurons or nerve cells |
| Signals travel away from what structure? | Dendrites (fingerlike projections on the cell body). Signals come from other neurons to the dendrites, then are sent down the axons |
| What are the axons covered in? What is the purpose of this covering? | Myelin sheaths, lipid based covering speedsup rate of conduction of signals along the axon. |
| Sensory goes _____CNS. Motor goes ______CNS. | Sensory goes to the CNS, motor goes away from CNS. |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Multiple myelin sheaths (autoimmune, causes mental disturbances) |
| The butterfly in the spinal cord is filled with what matter? What is it made of? | Gray matter, cell bodies and dendrites |
| What is the white matter made of? | Myelinated axons |
| What does the central canal arise from? | Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
| Where does the spinal nerve pass? | Intervertbral foramina |
| What kind of innervation do dorsal roots give? | Sensory only |
| Ventral roots provide what kind of innervation? | Motor |
| Spinal nerves provide what kind of innervation? | Sensory and motor |
| Dorsal rami provide what kind of innervation? | Sensory and motor |
| Ventral roots provide what kind of innervation? | Sensory and motor |
| What are dermatomes used for? | Pinpointing trauma to the spinal cord- derived from somites, is segmental |
| Lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves are sensory branches of what? | Ventral Rami |
| Dorsal cutaneous branches are sensory branches of what? | Dorsal rami |
| What do dorsal rami innervate? | Skin of the back (posterior cutaneous nerves), epaxial muscles |
| What do ventral rami innervate? | Skin of abdomen (anterior and lateral cutaneous nerves, hypaxial muscles) |
| Nerves of the thorax | Thoracic ventral rami (intercostal nerves) |
| Nerves of the abdomen | Thoracic and lumbar ventral rami, iliohypogastric n and ilioinguinal n |
| Pelvic nerves | Sacral ventral rami (pelvic body wall) |
| Are body cavities segmental? | No |
| Celoms | Fluid filled space lined by a serous membrane. Outside, parietal. Inside, visceral. (visceral part lines the organ (lung or heart)). |
| What is the purpose of serous fluid in celoms? | Prevent friction |
| Pleuritis | Inflammation of the pleural (serous) membranes, roughens membranes and results in friction |
| Pleural adhesion | Pleural membranes stick together, pain during breathing |
| Pneumothorax | Entry of air into the lung usually as a result of a penetrating wound. Results in collapse of lung. |
| Hemopericardium | Entry of blood into pericardial cavity from wound to the heart. Results in heart compression and circulation failure. |
| Respiratory system is a development of what? | Gut tube |
| What happens at capillary beds? | Gas and nutrient exchange |
| Blood from where enters the superior vena cava? | Thorax |
| Blood from where enter the inferior vena cava? | Abdomen, lower pelvis, and limbs |
| What structures pass through the diaphragm? | Vagus nerve, aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus |
| What innervates the diaphragm? | Phrenic nerve |
| The phrenic nerve is part of what rami? | Ventral rami c4-5 (4,3,and 5 keep the diaphragm alive) |
| Is the digestive system segmental or derived from somites? | No |
| Duodenum | Receives broken down food from stomach and bile from liver |
| Jejunum | Chemical breakdown of food |
| Ileum | Absorbs the products of digestion. |
| Heartburn | Happens when food comes up through the cardiac sphincter. |
| Large intestine | Colon |
| Small intestine | Jejunum, ileum, and duodenum |
| Large intestine function | Absorbs water from stool, absorbs vitamins with bacteria, and breaks down fat and bile. |
| What are the gut tube derivatives? | Lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| What is the abdominal celom called? | Peritoneal cavity |
| Peritoneum | Lining of the peritoneal cavity (visceral and parietal) |
| Mesentery | Double layer of peritoneum |
| Intraperitoneal | Suspended by a mesentery |
| Retroperitoneal | Not suspended by a mesentery |
| What is the peritoneal cavity filled with? | Serous fluid |
| During development, where are the stomach and liver originally? Where do they end up? | Stomach is originally to the left (directly) of the liver. With growth, the stomach moves to the left and the liver moves to the right. |
| What does the dorsal mesentary form? | Greater omentum, sigmoid mesocolon, transverse mesocolon, and mesentery proper |
| What does the ventral mesentery form? | Lesser omentum and falciform ligament |
| What mesentery suspends the transverse colon? | Transverse mesocolon |
| What mesentery suspends the sigmoid colon? | Sigmoid mesocolon |
| What mesentery suspends the jejunum and ileum? | Mesentery proper |
| What are the retroperitoneal gut tube structures? | Cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, duodenum, kidneys, pancreas |
| Where do the abdominal viscera lie early in development | The midline of the peritoneal cavity |
| Where are the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the organs suspended by mesenteries? | In between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum (peritoneal layers) |
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