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Mitosis/Meiosis
AP Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What cells undergo binary fission? | prokaryotic cells |
| What occurs in binary fission? | 1)single, bacterial chromosome is replicated 2)replication begins at the origin of replication 3)new chromosomes are divided to opposite sides of the cell 4)a septum forms to divide the cell into 2 |
| Chromatin | a complex of DNA and proteins |
| heterochromatin | not expressed |
| euchromatin | expressed regions |
| How is a chromosome made up? | 1)DNA is wrapped around histone proteins, this forms nucleosomes 2)Then the nucleosomes form solenoids 3)The solenoids are held in place by chromatin loops 4)The chromatins make up a rosette 5)The rosettes make up a chromosome |
| karyotype | a particular array of chromosomes of an organism |
| cohesion | the protein that keeps sister chromatids bound together to each other |
| 5 main phases of the Cell Cycle | G1, S(synthesis), G2, M(mitosis), C(cytokinesis) |
| G1 | the time in which the cell grows, interphase |
| S | synthesis of DNA (DNA replication) |
| G2 | split organelles (replicate) |
| centromere | location on chromosome, in the center |
| kinetochore | section on centromere, binds to the spindle fiber |
| Phases of mitosis | Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PPMAT) |
| Prophase (Mitosis) | Chromatin changes into chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the pole |
| Prometaphase (mitosis) | chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers, more microtubules are formed and they begin to pull the chromosomes toward the center |
| Metaphase (mitosis) | microtubules pull the chromosomes to the center of the cell, they form in a line (metaphase/equatorial plate) |
| Anaphase (mitosis) | cohesion proteins are removed causing the centromeres to separate (separate chromatids), chromatids are pulled towards the poles |
| Telophase (mitosis) | nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes, chromosomes begin to uncoil |
| Cytokinesis | splits the cell into equal cells |
| cytokinesis in animal cells | creates a cleavage furrow, a band that pinches the cell and causes it to split |
| cytokinesis in plant cells | forms a cell plate that splits the cell |
| Control of the Cell Cycle | G1/S, G2/M, Late metaphase checkpoint |
| G1/S checkpoint | Check growth factors, nutrition state, and size of the cell |
| G2/M checkpoint | Check if replication is completed |
| Late metaphase checkpoint | Check if chromosomes are attached at metaphase plate |
| Cyclin | proteins that drive the cell cycle when binded to CDK |
| CDKs | enzyme that activate the cell cycle when Cyclin binds to it |
| Tumor-suppressor gene | prevents the development of cells that have mutations |
| Proto-oncogenes | can cause cancer if mutated and introduced into a cell |
| Synapsis | when homologous chromosomes become closely associated with each other |
| Synaptonemal complex | protein between homologues that cause them to stick together |
| crossing over | genetic recombination between sister chromatids |
| chiasmata | site of crossing over |
| Phases of Meiosis | Prophase I II, Metaphase I II, Anaphase I II, Telophase I II |
| Prophase I | homologues become closely attached in synapsis (they pair up), crossing over occurs between nonsister chromatids |
| Metaphase I | microtubules attach to each homologue, they align at the metaphase plate randomly |
| Anaphase I | Microtubules shorten, homologues are separated from each other |
| Telophase I | nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes |
| Differences between meiosis and mitosis | Meiosis produces 4 nonidentical haploid cells, Mitosis produce 2 identical diploid cells. Meiosis has genetic variation (crossing over, random alignment in metaphase I) |
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