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Adv. Biology Midterm
Flashcards for my bio midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Life | 1. Homeostasis 2. Response to Stimuli 3. Growth and Development 4. Reproduction 5. Cells 6.Metabolism 7. Adaptation Gabbie And Happy Children Make Rancid Rice |
| Heterotroph | An organism that must consume food |
| Autotroph | An organism that makes its own food |
| Unicellular | Made of one cell |
| Multicellular | Made of many cells |
| Homeostasis | The ability to maintain a constant internal temperature |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes converting food into energy |
| Scientific Method | 1. Make observations 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Develop experiment to test hypothesis 4. Analyze data/ draw conclusions 5. Communicate data/ verify results or modify data 6. Repeat |
| Parts of an experiment | IV: the variable you change. What you are testing DV: The result/ effect Control group: A group that receives no change for comparison Controls: Things kept the same throughout all groups |
| Atom | The simplest particle of an element that retains all properties |
| Element | Pure substance made of one type of atom |
| Compound | Two or more elements combined |
| Three elements found most often in organic compounds | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |
| Four Macromolecules | Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acid |
| Polar | Slightly negative charge on one side Slightly positive charge on the other (ex: water) |
| Adhesion | The attraction between different substances. Causes capillary action in plants |
| Cohesion | The attraction of water to itself. Causes water to stick together, creating a surface film or tension |
| Adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension are caused by_____________________? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Monomer | A single unit of a macromolecule |
| Polymer | Multiple monomers put together, making up a macromolecule |
| Characteristics of protein (elements, monomer, polymer, example) | Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Monomer: amino acids Polymer: protein Examples: enzymes, muscles |
| Characteristics of carbohydrates (elements, monomer, polymer, example) | Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Monomer: sugar (monosaccharide) Polymer: starch (polysaccharide) Example: glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Characteristics of lipids (elements, monomer, polymer, example) | Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Monomer: glycerol/ fatty acids Polymer: N/A Example: wax, steroid, oil, pigments |
| Characteristics of nucleic acids (elements, monomer, polymer, example) | Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: DNA and RNA Example: DNA and RNA |
| Which macromolecules are soluble in water? | Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid |
| Enzyme | A protein that fits with a specific substrate (reactant) and changes its shape, making the chemical bonds easier to break. |
| Lock and Key fit | Each enzyme fits to a specific substrate and only that substrate like a lock and key. The shape of the enzyme is determined by the way the amino acids bind together and fold |
| Key differences between plant and animal cells | Animal cells have centrioles and no cell wall Plant cells have large central vacuoles, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a cell wall |
| Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles, but they do usually have cell walls. Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes are more complex and have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus |
| Describe the cell membrane | Composed of phospholipids. Structures with fatty acid chain tails and phosphorus heads. In the membrane, the phospholipids are double lined up with the heads on the outside, and the tails on this inside. The heads are hydrophilic and the tails hydrophobic |
| Active transport | Transport across the cell membrane that requires energy (that goes against natural flow- high to low) Ex: Sodium potassium pumps endocytosis exocytosis |
| Passive transport | Transport across the cell membrane that follows natural flow (high to low) Ex: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| Cell organization (simplest to most complex) | Cell Tissue Organ Organ system |
| Concentration gradient | A difference in concentration. A substance's natural tendency is to go from areas of higher concentration to an are of lower concentration |
| Diffusion | The passing of a substance through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Light Reactions | The two main stages for photosynthesis. The light dependent reaction, that takes place in the thylakoid membrane and the light independent reactions that take place in the stroma (inside the chloroplast, outside the thylakoid) |
| Light Dependent Reaction (part 1) | 1. Light hits the pigments on photosystem 2 and 1 2. The electrons inside the photosystems get excited and move around 3. The excited electrons are passed to a primary electron acceptor and donated to an electron transport chain |
| Electron transport chain (light dependent reaction) | 1. As they are pumped, they lose energy 2. This lost energy is used to pump H+ into the thylakoid which later diffuses out through the ATP synthase 3. The electrons reach the final electron acceptor (NADP+ making NADPH) |
| Light independent reaction (also known as the Calvin Cycle) | 1. CO2 diffuses into the stroma 2. CO2 combined with RuBP with the enzyme rubisco forming 3PGA 3. NADPH and ATP are used to turn 3PGA into G3P 4. One of every 6 G3P stays behind to make glucose. The other five begins again as RuBP |
| Reactants for light dependent reaction | H2O and light |
| Products for light dependent reaction | ATP, NADPH, Oxygen |
| Reactants for light independent reaction | CO2, ATP, NADPH (uses ATP and NADPH from light dependent reaction) |
| Products for light independent reaction | Glucose |
| Photosynthesis equation (balanced) | 6H2O + 6O2 + Sunlight(energy)= C6H12O6 + 602 |
| Cellular respiration equation (balanced) | C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6O2 + energy |
| Reactants for photosynthesis | Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and sunlight |
| Reactants for cellular respiration | Water, oxygen, and energy |
| Cellular respiration processes | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron transport chain |
| Glycolysis | Anaerobic. First stage of respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm. 1.6 carbon glucose breaks own into 3 carbon pyruvate molecules using 2 ATP 2. 4 ATP are produced from the broken down glucose *net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | Aerobic. In the mitochondrial membrane. 1. Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial membrane 2. Pyruvate and coenzyme A reacts to form acetyl CoA (acetic acid) 3.CO2 molecules are released converting NAD+ to NADH 4.Acetyl CoA and OAA form making citric acid |
| Reactants of glycolysis | Glucose, 2 ATP, and NAD+ |
| Products of glycolysis | 2 ATP and pyruvate (pyruvic acid) |
| Reactants of Krebs Cycle | Pyruvate |
| Products of Krebs Cycle | CO2, NADH, FADH2, 2ATP, and GTP 1 glucose molecule= 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP |
| Electron transport chain (respiration) | Aerobic. Inner membrane 1. The high energy taxis take electrons to inner membrane 2. As electrons are being passed, H+ is being pumped OUT 3. H+ ions diffuse back in through ATP synthase making ATP 4. Final electron acceptor O2 making H2O |
| How much ATP is produced in cellular respiration? | Glycolysis: 2 ATP Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP Electron transport chain: 32 ATP A total of 36 ATP |
| Compound | Composed of two or more elements |
| Atom | One unit of an element that retains all traits |
| Ion | A charged particle |
| Catalyst | Something that speeds up chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy required |
| Enzyme | A protein that helps weaken the bond that hold together specific substrates, speeding up chemical processes (look up more) |
| Acid | More hydronium ions than hydroxide (H+) The lower the number on the pH scale, the greater the acidity. |
| Base | More hydroxide than hydronium (OH-) The higher the number on the pH, the greater the basicity (the more alkaline) |
| pH scale | Percent Hydrogen. Measures the acidity and basicity of solutions by comparing the hydrogen ion concentration. Runs from 0-14. 7 is neutral. The lower the number, the lower the number the more acidic |
| Solvent | A substance that dissolves other substances (water is the universal solvent) |
| Polar | To have slightly positive and slightly negative charges |
| Amino Acid | The monomer of a protein (a chain of amino acids is a protein) |
| Nucleotide | The monomer of nucleic acid. A sugar, a phosphate head, and nitrogenous base. Forms DNA and RNA by connecting in a ladder type thing |
| Macromolecule | Carbon containing compounds. (Organic compounds) |
| Protein | A chain of amino acids. Proteins fold depending on the lining up of the amino acids, folding into an active shape, where the can perform according to their function. Amino acids bind in polypeptide bonds. Temperature and solvents can cause denaturing |
| Lipid | Linked glycerol and fatty acid tails. Stores short term energy in cells, insulates bones/organs, cell membrane (phospholipid) |
| Carbohydrate | A chain of monosaccharaides. They provide energy, provide cell wall (cellulose), stored as starch In plants and glycogen in animals, and form exoskeleton (chitin) |
| Nucleic Acid | Linked nucleotides, forming DNA and RNA. They contain and transmit genetic information |
| DNA | Contains information that decides characteristics |
| RNA | Stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for protein synthesis |
| Activation Energy | The energy required for a chemical reaction to take place |
| Organic Compound | A compound containing carbon |
| Eukaryote | A classification of cells with membrane bound organelles (mitosis) |
| Prokaryote | A classification of cells without membrane bound organelles (binary fission) |
| Organelle | A component of a cell that carries out a specific function |
| Selectively Permeable Membrane | Membrane that decides which substances are allowed to enter and leave |
| Phospholipid | Lipids that make up a cell membrane. They have phosphate heads and fatty acid tails. Heads on the outside are hydrophilic and tails are on the inside and hydrophobic, creating a barrier |
| Cell Theory | 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells |
| Protein channel | Protein embedded in the membrane that allows charged particles to enter or leave the cell |
| Hypertonic | Higher concentration on inside of cell, creating concentration gradient, causing the substance to leave the cell (plasmolysis) |
| Hypotonic | Higher concentration on outside of cell, creating concentration gradient, causing the substance to enter the cell (turgor pressure, look up for animals) |
| Passive transport | Follows natural flow from high to low and requires no energy |
| Active transport | Goes against natural flow and requires energy |
| Exocytosis | Active transport that pushes something out of the cell |
| Endocytosis | Active transport that pulls something into the cell |
| Nucleus | The brain of the cell, controls cell processes and where DNA synthesis occurs |
| Photosynthesis | The transfer of sunlight energy to cell energy |
| Pigment | Something that absorbs light (chlorophyll pigments absorb all light by green, which is why leaves are green) |
| ATP/NADPH | High energy taxis |
| Anaerobic | Doesn't require oxygen |
| Binary Fission | Prokaryotic cell division |
| Diploid | A cell with a complete set of chromosomes (somatic cells/autosomes) |
| Haploid | A cell with half the complete set of chromosomes (gametes/ sex cells) |
| Homologous chromosomes | The pairs of chromosomes that line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase I |
| Interphase | The part of a cell cycle in which cells spend the most time. Most of this time is spent growing. G1 S G2 (growth, synthesis, growth some more) |
| Mitosis | Cell division into two identical diploid |
| Meiosis | Cell division into four different haploid cells |
| Spindle fiber | Part of the cytoskeleton, made of microtubules. In animals branch off of centrioles and attach to centromeres and sister chromatids |
| Crossing over | Process in which homologous pairs exchange DNA during meiosis, creating genetic variation |
| Independent Assortment | The random way the chromosomes line up in metaphase 1 in meiosis creating genetic variation |
| Spermatogenesis | Process by which sperm is produced. |
| Oogenesis | Process by which eggs are produced. Uneven distribution of cytoplasm results in one large egg (ovum). The polar bodies die |
| Zygote | The fertilized egg |
| Gamete | Sex cell |
| Tetrad | The name for the pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| Autosome | A cell with complete set of chromosomes (body cells/ somatic cells) |
| Sex chromosome | Determines sex of organism |
| Somatic Cell | A cell with its complete set of chromosomes |
| Karyotype | Picture of chromosomes to determine sex of baby |
| Cancer | A cell that divides with reckless abandonment |
| Heredity | The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another |
| Genetics | The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics |
| Dominant | The allele that physically shows up in a person (brown hair over blonde hair. Represented by capital letter) |
| Recessive | Hidden allele (represented by lower case letter) |
| Genotype | Genetic make-up of an individual (I have BB for hair color) |
| Allele | Different form of each gene (BB, Bb, bb) |
| Heterozygous | Also called a hybrid. Has a dominant and recessive gene for a trait (Bb) |
| Phenotype | How you physically appear (brown hair, brown eyes) |
| Homozygous | A single type of allele for a specific trait (BB or bb) |
| Probability | The odds of something happening |
| Pure | Completely one trait (only produces more of that trait) |
| Testcross | A cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring |
| P1 | Parental generation |
| F1 | First filial generation |
| F2 | Second filial generation |
| Law of Segregation | Homologues separate while gametes form and are given to different gametes so that each gets one member of the pair. When gametes are produced, each gamete gets one of the alleles. In fertilization, gametes combine and get a different combo of alleles. |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Traits separate from each other to produce different combinations in the sperm and eggs cells |
| Gregor Mendel | An Austrian monk who experimented and cross-breeded pea-pods to see how traits are passed down (heredity). His work is foundation of genetics |
| Mendel's experiments | P1: Crossed pure yellow and pure green pea pods F1: They were all green. Crossed F1 with more F1 F2: Ratio 3/1 green to yellow |
| What did Mendel's experiments lead to? | 1. Rule of dominance 2. Law of Segregation 3. Law of Independent Assortment |
| Rule of Dominance | When 2 alleles of a pair are different, one is recessive and one is dominant |
| Chemiosmosis | The process through which charged electrons going through ATP synthase makes ATP |
Created by:
gburton23
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