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Atmosphere
Chapters 19-21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ozone | A gas molecule that is made up of 3 oxygen atoms. |
| Latent Heat | Heat energy that is absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change. |
| Barometer | Instrument used to calculate atmospheric pressure |
| Thermosphere | Closest to space; temperature increases with altitude; contains Ionosphere |
| Mesosphere | Coldest layer; temperatures decrease with altitude. |
| Stratosphere | Contains ozone layer; Temperature increases with altitude. |
| Atmosphere | "Air" Mixture of gases that surrounds planets, moon, and other celestial bodies. |
| Troposphere | Closest to Earth's surface; All weather occurs here; Temperature decreases with elevation. |
| Humidity | Water vapor in the atmosphere |
| Radiation | Includes all forms of energy that travel through space as waves. |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. |
| Greenhouse Effect | Warming of the surface & lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, & other gases absorb & re-radiate infrared radiation |
| Conduction | Transfer of heat energy through contact w/ a solid. |
| Convection | Transfer of heat energy through contact w/ a fluid (gas or liquid) |
| Condensation | Formation of liquid water from gaseous water vapor |
| Cloud | Collection of small water droplets or ice crystals in the air |
| Fog | Type of cloud forms near Earth's surface |
| Adiabatic Cooling | Temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass rises & expands |
| Advective Cooling | Temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass moves over a cold surface |
| Stratus Clouds | Gray, flat, uniform base; forms at lower altitudes |
| Cumulus Clouds | Billowy, looks like a cotton ball w/ a dark bottom |
| Cirrus Clouds | Feathery, composed of ice crystals; form at very high altitudes |
| Radiation Fog | Layer of air in contact w/ the ground cools below the dew point causing water vapor to condense as fog. |
| Advection Fog | Warm, moist air moves across cold surface. |
| Steam Fog | Forms when cool air moves over a warm, inland body of water. |
| Chlorofluorocarbons | Compound known to break down ozone & have caused parts of ozone layer to weaken. |
| Particulates | Tiny solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere |
| Relative Humidity | Actual water vapor content of the air to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation |
| Absolute Humidity | Actual amount of water vapor in the air |
| Evaporation | Process where water enters the atmosphere |
| Sublimation | Solid changes directly into a gas |
| Equilibrium | equal/ balanced |
| Saturation | Rate of condensation and rate of evaporation are the same/thick wet air. |
| Heat index | Temperature and humidity combined equals this |
| Condensation Nuclei | Solid particle in the atmosphere that provides the surface on which water vapor condenses |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls onto the Earth's surface. |
| Coalescence | Formation of a large droplet by the combination of smaller droplets |
| Supercooling | Substance is cooled below its freezing, condensation, and sublimation point w/o going through a change of state. |
| Air Mass | Large body of air where temperature and moisture content are similar |
| Dew Point | Temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation |
| Continental Air Mass | Air mass that forms over large landmasses |
| Maritime Air Mass | Air mass that forms over oceans or large bodies of water |
| Polar Air Mass | Air mass that forms over ice and snow-covered land |
| Tropical Air Mass | Air mass that forms over deserts |
| Front | A boundary between air masses |
| Cold Front | Front edge of a moving mass of cold air that pushes beneath a warmer air mass |
| Warm Front | Front edge of a warm air mass that replaces colder air with warmer air. |
| Thunderstorm | Usually brief, heavy storm that has rain, strong winds, lightening, and thunder |
| Lightening | Clouds discharge electricity |
| Hurricane | Storm that develops over tropical oceans; strong winds of 120km/h |
| Tornado | Destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds; funnel shaped cloud |
| Thermometer | Instrument that measures & indicates temperature |
| Wind Vane | Instrument used to determine wind direction |
| Anemometer | Instrument used to measure wind speed |
| Radiosonde | Measures upper atmospheric conditions; temperatures, dew point, & wind velocity |
| Radar | Uses reflected radio waves to determine the velocity & location of objects |
| Weather Satellites | Provide weather information for regions where observations cannot be made from the ground. |
| Computers | Store weather records from around the world |
| Watch | Issued when the conditions are ideal for severe weather |
| Warning | Given when severe weather has been spotted or is expected within 24 hours. |
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