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Bio101 Chpt 35 & 36
Biology Chapter 35 & 36
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agonistic behavior | Confrontational behavior involving a contest waged by threats, displays, or actual combat, which settles disputes over limited resources, such as food or mates. |
| altruism | Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual. |
| associative learning | Learning that a particular stimulus or response is linked to a reward or punishment; includes classical conditioning and trial-and-error learning. |
| behavior | responses to external and internal stimuli. |
| behavioral ecology | The scientific field concerned with behavior in an evolutionary context. |
| congnition | The process carried out by an animal's nervous system, which includes perceiving, storing, integrating, and using information obtained by its sensory receptors. |
| cognitive map | A representation within the nervous system of spatial relations among objects in an animal's environment. |
| communication | Animal behavior including transmission of, reception of, and response to signals. |
| dominance hierarchy | The ranking of individuals within a group, based on social interactions; usually maintained by agonistic behavior. |
| fixed action pattern (FAP) | A genetically programmed, virtually unchangeable behavioral sequence performed in response to a certain stimulus. |
| foraging | Behavior used in recognizing, searching for, capturing, and consuming food. |
| habituation | Learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information. |
| imprinting | Learning that is limited to a specific critical period in an animal's life and that is generally irreversible. |
| inclusive fitness | An individual's success at perpetuating its genes by producing its own offspring and by helping close relatives to produce offspring. |
| innate behavior | Behavior that is under strong genetic control and is performed in virtually the same way by all members of a species. |
| kin selection | The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives. |
| kinesis | Random movement in response to a stimulus. |
| learning | Modification of behavior as a result of specific experiences. |
| migration | The regular back-and-forth movement of animals between two geographic areas at particular times of the year. |
| monogamous | Referring to a type of relationship in which one male mates with just one female, and both parents care for the children. |
| optimal foraging theory | The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits. |
| polygamous | Referring to a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other. |
| problem solving | The activity of applying past experiences to overcome obstacles in novel situations. |
| promiscuous | Referring to a type of relationship in which mating occurs with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships. |
| proximate cause | In animal behavior, a condition in an animal's internal or external environment that is the immediate reason or mechanism for a behavior. |
| search image | The mechanism that enables an animal to find a particular kind of food efficiently. |
| sensitive period | A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place. |
| signal | In behavioral ecology, a stimulus transmitted by one animal to another animal. |
| social behavior | Any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species. |
| social learning | Modification of behavior through the observation of other individuals. |
| sociobiology | The study of the evolutionary basis of social behavior. |
| spatial learning | Modification of behavior based on experience of the spatial structure of the environment. |
| stimulus | A factor that triggers sensory transduction or a specific response. |
| taxis | Virtually automatic orientation toward or away from a stimulus. |
| territory | An area that one or more individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excluded. |
| trial-and-error learning | Learning to associate a particular behavioral act with a positive or negative effect. |
| ultimate cause | Virtually automatic orientation toward or away from a stimulus. |
| age structure | The relative number of individuals of each age in a population. |
| carrying capacity | In a population, the number of individuals that an environment can sustain. |
| clumped | Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches. |
| demographic transition | A shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high to zero population growth characterized instead by low birth and death rates. |
| desity dependent factor | A population-limiting factor whose intensity is linked to population density. For example, there may be a decline in birth rates or a rise in death rates in response to an increase in the number of individuals living in a designated area. |
| dispersion pattern | The manner in which individuals in a population are spaced within their area. |
| clumped dispersion pattern | individuals are aggregated in patches |
| uniform dispersion pattern | individuals are evenly distributed |
| random dispersion pattern | unpredictable distribution |
| ecological footprint | A method of using multiple constraints, including food, fuel, water, housing, and waste deposits, to estimate the human carrying capacity of the Earth. |
| exponential growth model | A mathematical description of idealized, unregulated population growth. |
| k-selection | Virtually automatic orientation toward or away from a stimulus. |
| life history | The series of events from birth through reproduction to death. |
| life table | A listing of survivals and deaths in a population in a particular time period and predictions of how long, on average, an individual of a given age will live. |
| logistic growth model | A mathematical description of idealized population growth that is restricted by limiting factors. |
| maximum sustained yeild | Virtually automatic orientation toward or away from a stimulus. |
| per capita rate of increase | The average contribution of each individual in a population to population growth. |
| population | A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area. |
| population density | The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume. |
| population ecology | The study of how members of a population interact with their environment, focusing on factors that influence population density and growth. |
| population momentum | In a population in which r = 0, the continuation of population growth as girls in the prereproductive age group reach their reproductive years. |
| r-selection | The concept that in certain populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinant of life history. |
| random | Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way. |
| survivorship curve | A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality. |
| sustainable resource management | Management of a natural resource so as not to damage the resource. |
| uniform | Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are evenly distributed. |
Created by:
dtgs2010
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