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Reproductive System
Reproductive System Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Male reproductive system | 1. production of sperm cells(spermatozoa)2. sustaining and transfer of sperms to female 3. production of male sex hormones |
| Meiosis | production of sex cells (gametes); 2 divisions Meiosis I and II. |
| Male sex organs | gonads (testes) |
| organs involved in the process of creating offspring | testes, epididymis, accessory glands, penis |
| testes | ovoid(egg shaped) structures, scrotum, seminiferous tubules (coiled mass), epididymis, and interstitial cells hangs outside where temp is cooler; sperm survive better |
| scrotum | sac |
| seminiferous tubules | lined with germinal epithelium which produces sperm; gives rise to epididymis which is found on the outer surface of the testis |
| Epididymis | gives rise to Vasdeferens, on top of teste |
| Interstitial cells | produce male sex hormones; testosterone |
| Vasdeferens | pass upward medially into the abdominal cavity; the vas deferens duct unites with seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct; sperm matures "learn to swim" |
| Seminal Vesicle | secretion rich in fructose ("food" for sperm) |
| Prostate gland | chestnut shaped; surrounds the beginning of the urethra (below the urinary bladder); secretes think milky fluid, secretion alkaline |
| What happens when a prostate gland enlarges | usually happens in older men; It may squeeze the urethra making urination difficult and could lead to surgery |
| Bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland) | two small pea-size structures; secrete mucuslike fluid; secreted in response to sexual stimulation |
| Seminal Fluid | semen; sperm cells from testes and secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands; pH 7.5(slightly alkaline) 120 million sperm per milliliter |
| Penis | conveys urine and sperm out of the body; glans penis-sensitive enlarged end |
| Female reproductive system function | to produce and maintain an egg and to provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring |
| Ovaries | solid ovoid structures; located one on each side in the lateral wall of pelvic cavity; produces egg cells and female hormones |
| Ovulation | release of egg |
| Uterine tubes (AKA fallopian tubes) | passes medially to uterus; opens into the uterine cavity; egg is transported to uterus |
| Uterus | hollow muscular organ; sustains life of embryo; lower one-third of uterus= cervix |
| Layers of the uterus | endometrium, myometrium, peritmetrium |
| endometrium | a mucous membrane, in the innermost layer of tissue. It lines the uterine cavity and contains numerous glands, blood vessels and lymphatic spaces; shed during menstrual cycle. |
| Myometrium | very firm and muscular and makes up most of the uterus |
| Peritmetrium | secretes a blood like fluid that partially cover the uterus |
| Vagina | from uterus; functions; receives penis during intercourse and transports offspring during birth |
| External Reproductive Structures | Labia Majora/minora and Clitoris |
| Labia Majora/Minora | flaps of skin which cover the urethral and vaginal openings and also the clitoris |
| Clitoris | corresponds to the male penis (very sensitive); small projection protected by the labia |
| Vestibular glands | produces lubricating fluid for intercourse |
| Spermatogenesis | sperm production |
| male hormone | testosterone |
| female hormone | estrogen |
| Oogenesis | egg production |
| 4 Main phases of the menstrual cycle | menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase |
| Menstruation | this is the elimination of the thickened uterine lining from the body via the vagina |
| Follicular phase | spans the length of time between the first day of menstruation and the moment of ovulation (Increase in FSH leads to follicles maturing and that stimulates lining of the uterus(endometrium)to thicken and prepare for possible pregnancy |
| Ovulation | means the release of a mature egg from the ovary surface causing the levels of estrogen rises then to release GnRH then LG and FSH rise then egg released. |
| Egg life span | 24 hours unless it becomes fertilized |
| Luteal phase | during ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle. for the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the corpus luteum. Know the rest of the sequence |
| Menopause | late 40s early 50s irregular cycles; cause aging ovaries, 50% women reach it by 50; 85% reach by age 52; hot flashes |
| Pregnancy | fertilization; egg and sperm unite to form zygote; occurs in fallopian tube;zygote undergoes mitosis resulting in smaller cells (AKA cleavage) 3 days to get to uterus |
| zygote | 2 cells |
| Morula | 16 cells |
| Blastocyst | hollow ball of cells |
| Embryo | implantation to 8 weeks |
| fetus | up to birth |
| Placenta | attaches embryo to uterine lining; exchanges nutrients/wastes between mothers blood and embryos |
| Hormones of pregnancy | HCG- human chorionic gonadotropin |
| HCG | prevents the shedding of the uterine lining; produced by embryonic cells; levels high for first two months |
| Why a DNC? | if woman miscarries but still has hcg she may still have fetal tissue and needs to have this removed |
| What are some tests that can be done at 15 weeks? | hcg, estriol, alpha fetoprotein. some tests can detect downs syndrome or other birth defects |
| Amniocentesis | removal of amniotic fluid for the purpose of detecting a possible birth defect |
| Chorionic villus biopsy | fetal tissue examined (tested) for defects |
| gametes | haploid cell |
| autosomes | chromosomes |
Created by:
Chenderson0609
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