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Klawsky Review
Klawsky Review Chapter Seven
| How many ATP are produced during glycolysis and what is the net yield? | During the process of glycolysis, two ATP molecules are used and are converted to pyruvate. Four ATP are then produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. The net yield is two. |
| What happens during cellular respiration? | During cellular respiration, biochemical energy from nutrients are converted into adenosine triphosphate, and waste products are released. Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of organisms. It is considered a exothermic redox reaction. |
| In the Crebs Cycle, what does ATP production need? | In the Crebs Cycle, ATP production needs the gradual breakdown of a six carbon compound, acetyl, and the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP. |
| How does ATP release energy? | Energy is stored by ATP in the phosphates that are bound to the sugar component, by high-energy bonds. Energy is released when the bond breaks and the last phosphate is lost, converting it to ADP. |
| What is the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain? | The final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain is oxygen. The oxygen uses the extra electron to ionize and form an ionic bond with hydrogen, forming water. |
| What does glycolysis produce? | Glycolysis produces four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate. Glycolysis uses two ATP and one glucose. |
| Be able to list the different parts of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis, pyruvate, decarboxylation, Crebs Cycle, and electron transport chain. Each component is a long series of biochemical reactions. |
| ATP | Organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
| Glycolysis | The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP. |
| Crebs Cycle | A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy. |
| NAD+ | An organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to NAD+ and reduced to NADH. |
| Aerobic Respiration | The process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP, the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen. |
| ATP | Organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
| Chemiosmosis | In chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane. |
| Fermentation | The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen. |
| Glycolysis | The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP. |
| Crebs Cycle | A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy. |
| Organic Compounds | A covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbohydrates and oxides. |
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