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113 unit 4 biology
unit 4 biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication is described as being | Semiconservational |
| DNA Helicase | unzip DNA |
| Topoisomerase | removes knots formed during unwinding |
| Replication occurs in what prime order | 5` -> 3` |
| What is the cap called on the new DNA strand | RNA primase |
| what 3` -> 5` strand is called the | lagging strand |
| DNA Polymerses | replaced RNA primase |
| DNA Ligase | connects fragments in the lagging strand |
| The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragment which are called | okazaki fragments |
| what type of organism has junk dna | Eucaryotic |
| Introns are | none coding junk DNA |
| Exons are | coding sequences |
| Gene get turned into | Proteins |
| how many genes are on an exon | three. Gene A,B,C |
| What cells are used to synthesize human proteins (ex. insulin | procarytoic cell e.coli |
| E. Coli cell contains | Plasmid (extrachromosomal DNA) |
| how is insulin synthesized | Isolate the gene that codes for insulin by using a radioactive RNA probe. Use ribonucleaseo to digest the other unwanted genes. Transcription mRNA, diff mRNA, mature RNA, reverse transc, cDNA (exons only) then add to plasmid |
| Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic | 1) transcription Control DNA 2) post transcription control 3) translational control mRNA 4) post translation control protein |
| Regulation of gene expression in procaryotes | Only use transcriptional control and post translational control |
| Procaryotes Transcription control types | a) Enzyme induction only makes it when it is needed. ex. Lac operon b) enzyme repression needs it all the time ex. trp operon. if given trp cells get lazy and stop making the enzyme to make trp |
| I-gene | repressor protein |
| lac operon: Regulatory sites | Operator - DNA seq where the repressor protein corded for by a regulatory gene can bind Promotor: DNA seq where RNA polymerase first attaches when a gene is to be transcribed |
| lac operon: structural genes | Z gene: beta-galactosidease (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose) Y gene: beta-permease (facilitates the entry of lactose into a cell) A gene: beta-transacetylase |
| in lac operon what is needed to start the lactose catabolism | cyclic adensine monophosphate catabolic activator protein |
| What is the strand order for lac operon | I gene -> cAMP-CAP -> promoter -> operator -> Z => Y -> A |
| What happens in lactose is and is not present | yes: the repressor protein binds to the lactose instead of the operator (lactose is the inducer) No: stops after getting to the operator |
| preferring glucose | catabolite repression and glucose effect |
| F+, F` and Hfr bacteria cell | male |
| F- bacteria cell | female |
| F+ cell + F- cell | female cell F- before after F+ plasmid gets replicated and transferred over to the female cell making is a recombinant male |
| F+ + F- | female cell F- before after F+ plasmid gets replicated and transferred over to the female cell making is a recombinant male |
| f- + Hfr | female - before F- After F- recombinant female the plasmid gets replicated a long with junk dna. the Plasmid then gets transfered over to the female where the junk dna gets destroyed and then added to the circular bacteria chromosomes |
| F+ | male -bacteria with a circular bacteria chromosomes and plasmid |
| F- | female - bacteria with only a circular bacteria chromosomes |
| Hfr | Male with a circular bacteria chromosomes that has the plasmid attached to it |
| F` | Male - circular bacteria chromosomes that has a plasmid and some of the circular chromosomes attached to the plasmid |
| F` + F- | female F- before recombinant male after plasmid gets replicated |
| characteristis of Viruses | acellular Have either DNA or RNA obligate intracellular parasites host specific |
| Bacterial viruses characteristis | bacteriophages or phages Contains a capsid which has a DNA strand in it, then a tail, lastly a sheath |
| What are the two types of bacterial viruses | Lytic or Virulent phages eg T even Lysogenic or temperate phages ex. lambda |
| life cycle of lytic virulent phages | 1) absorption 2) penetration 3) Biosynthesis 4) Maturation 5) Release |
| What is Biosynthesis lytic | the bacterial chromosomes become frags. and the virual DNA looks for the frags. with the same DNA and rearranges it so that it matches |
| What is maturation lytic | packaging or assemble changing every rearranced DNA strand and turning it into capsid |
| What is the burst size and what are the outcomes | 200-500 paritcles. No DNA(useless), Virual DNA, bacterial DNA(useless), Virual + Bacterial DNA. |
| What a virus contains Virual + Bacterial DNA and effects a host cell what happens | The virual DNA is destoried and the bacterial DNA maybe get traded into the circular bacterial chromosomes |
| Generalized transduction | any bacterial frag can accidently get packaged into a capsid |
| Life cycle of a lysogenic phages | 1) absorption 2) penetration 3)circularization 4)integration 5) excision 6) decirculatization 7) Biosynthesis 8) maturation 9) release |
| lysogenic cell being immune | The cell is immune to the same type of phage because the seat is taken at the gal operon |
| lysogenic or phage inversion | physogenic cell is now pathogenic because the phage is attached to the circulat bacterial chromosomes |
| Clostridum botulinum | attacks the nerves system -> paralysis |
| how does insulin get actived | Insulin gets cut into fragments and then joined together by disulfide bridges |
| how is transcriptional control different in eucaryotoes | Eucaryotes use Chromatin. |
| Type of chromatin in eucaryotes | uchromatin which is able to be read and translated Heterochromadin which is condensed and not able to be read |
| process of Transcriptional control in eucaryotes | First the two enhancers (DNA sequences) that are each surrounded by transcription factors (proteins) fold one on top of each other until they are above one another and pushes RNA polymerase to initate transcription |
| Posttranscriptional control process | Differential mRNA processing DNA gets turned into mRNA (transcription) mRNA gets turned into mature mRNA (Dif mRNA processing) the exons are able to get rearranged because the introns get cut out |
| translational control | Once the mRNA is made poly A caps and Gcap is put on into to protect the mature mRNA from being broken down by exoribonuclease |
| What is Poly A Tailing | Adenine put on besides another 200-300 |
| what is the G cap | a modifed Guanosine -Cap which has a ribose added |
| exoribonuclease | breaks down RNA |
Created by:
lilram
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