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AP Comp Gov - Mexico
Making of the Modern State - Part 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1917 Constitution | created under President Carranza; still the constit today; denied presidential reelection; limited powers of Catholic Church; prohibited foreign ownership of Mex land; endorsed breakup of haciendas |
| President Venustiano Carranza | first president post revolution; responsible for 1917 Constitution; ultimately assassinated |
| sexenio | 6 year term |
| haciendas | broken up by 1917 Constitution with compensation for their owners |
| Alvaro Obregon | defeated Pancho Villa in 1915; expanded public education and attempted land reform; succeeded in 1923 by Calles |
| Plutarco Elias Calles | became president in 1923; consolidated power with extreme anticlericalism; founded PRI to assure continuity of presidency through nomination and electioneering |
| anticlericalism | extreme anti-catholicism; policy under Plutarco Elias Calles that resulted in clashes with the Catholic Church |
| Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) | founded in 1929 by Plutarco Elias Calles as a way to assure the continuity of the presidency through nomination and electioneering |
| corporatist state | what Mexico became in the post-revolutionary period; interest groups became an institutionalized part of state structure rahter than independent advocates; antithesis to civil society |
| Lazaro Cardenas | president during reforms of Great Depression era; agrarian reform, nationalizing natural resource industries, encouraging creation of labor unions, presidentialism |
| agrarian reform | redistributed more land than all predecessors; half of land taken from haciendas turned into ejidos |
| ejidos | collective or cooperative farms |
| ejidatarios | those who acquire ejido lands; became an enduring base of support for the PRI |
| nationalizing natural resource industries | by 1920s, most of oil industry controlled by foreign firms; 1938, nationalized oil wells, an example of economic nationalism |
| PEMEX | one government-owned firm that all nationalized oil wells and refineries were placed under |
| Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM) | official trade union created under Lazaro Cardenas; created with PRI encouragement |
| clienelism; patron-client or patronage | based on PRI (patron) providing favors to union and ejido (the clients) in return for political support |
| presidentialism | a pattern of executive dominance in the political system was strongly reestablished |
| Manuel Avila Camacho | moderate PRI president that followed Cardenas; end of revolutionary period in Mexican history |
| state capitalism | economic policy between 1940 and 1982; relyied on government actions to encourage private investment |
| import substitution industrialization (ISI) | promote industries to supply the domestic market; ie domestic companies start making what was previously supplied by international sources |
| Miguel Aleman | 1946-1952; conservative who pursued rapid economic growth through industrialization with a few key industries owned by the state |
| Alemanista | rapid economic growth through industrialization with a few key industries owned by the state; approach to eco development was followed by the next four presidents |
| Luis Echeverria | 1970-1976; economic problems mounted, debt grew, and the peso had to be devalued |
| co-opted | repressed opponents to PRI rule after a bloody crackdown on student demonstrations |
| Jose Lopez Portillo | 1976-1982; stablization of the economy in post-OPEC slump; IMF bailout; imposition of wage and price controls; increased political freedoms but increased corruption |
| Miguel de la Madrid | 1982-1988; economic crisis!; turning towards market based economy; embracing of tecnicos; poor response to the 1985 Mexico City earthquake |
| market based economy | economy Mexico embraced when pressured by international forces; economic crisis had destroyed faith in state capitalism and ISI |
| tecnicos | studied economics, business in US; like technocrats of China |
| 1985 Mexico City earthquake | poor response led to losses in 1988 elections, indicated a weakening in the PRI's electoral grip while the conservative, business oriented National Action Party gained seats |
| Carlos Salinas de Gortari | 1988-1994; won election through fraud and deceit; appointed tecnicos; continued market oriented policies; signed NAFTA |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) | committed Mexico, the US, and Canada to the elimination of trade barriers; economic crisis in 1994 w/foreign capital flight and devaluation of peso |
| Ernesto Zedillo | 1994-2000; large foreign loan bailout due to financial crisis; severe and unpopular economic austerity program that was instituted to restore economic stability; Zapatista movement; gov and PRI popularity plummeted; electoral reforms = PRI losses |
| Zapatista (EZLN) | guerilla movement that seized towns in the Chiapas state, demanding land, indigenous rights, and the repeal of NAFTA |
| Vicente Fox | 2000-2006; first non-FRI candidate to win the presidency in 70 years; candidate for the National Action Party (PAN), supported by the urban middle class; divided government problem for administration and passing reforms |
| Felipe Calderon | 2006-2012; PAN; focused on attacking narcotics traffickers; attempted improvements in state industries like Pemex, devided gov stood in way |
| Enrique Pena Nieto | 2012- ; PRI candidate; formed legislative alliances to push forward a reform agenda |
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