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Succession
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Succession | Change in species composition overtime in a given place |
| Succession is not an evolution process, but a _______> | Ecological process |
| Why is Succession an ecological process? | Succession starts with the dispersal of an organism |
| An example of Succesion | Old Field Succession in North Carolina |
| What happens to a field if a farmer stop tending it/fertilizing it? | The crops die and other organisms start to grow like weeds, bushes, which transforms into a forest |
| What is Stage 1 (Year 1) in the NC field? | Horseweed / Crabgrass |
| What is Stage 2 (Year 2) in the NC field? | Aster / Ragweed |
| People blame Golden Rod (yellow flower) for allergies. But what is the true nemesis? | Ragweed |
| What have several years later to the NC field? | Broomsedge / +some shrubs, small trees |
| Later Succession- 15 years later | Closed canopy of pines |
| 40-50 years later | Oak and hickory begin to grow effecting the canopy pines because they need light to grow. So you end up with only hickory and oak |
| Species richness (measuring biodiversity) | # of species |
| Succession completes around... | 150 years |
| How does the bird populations begin to level off? | Due to forest succession |
| What area has experienced the most succession? | Glacier Bay, AK |
| What glaciers have the most succession? | Near the ocean |
| Stages of Succession in glaciers | Retreating (melting) glacier > Moss > More small vegetation > Hemlock-spruce forest |
| How does succession all begin? | Soil |
| 0-15 years | Mosses and small plants begin to grow w/ N-fixing bacteria |
| What are Mosses and N-fixing bacteria when they are helping on another? | Obligate mutualism |
| 15-35 years | Willow and older shrubs (w/ N-fixing bacteria) |
| 35-80 years | Older thickets grow |
| 80-115 years | Spruce comes in |
| 115-200 | Spruce forest |
| >200 years | Hemlock-spruce forest |
| How is the succession of old fields and Glacier Bays similar? | General pattern of species change / Species richness increases / Disturbance 'resets' succession |
| Disturbance 'resets' succession means... | External disturbance resets succession |
| Difference Glacier Bay VS. Old Field | Soil was distributed in old fields, while Glacier Bay started fro scratch (no soil). Time scale (Glacier Bay took longer) |
| How is the rocky intertidal of the Washington Coast a succession? | If you roll a rock over in the ocean, it is a disturbance |
| What was done in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Study? | Described the site / Described the flora and fauna / Measured input and output of water |
| Site description | Elevation-intermediate- 200-1000m / PPT 130 cm/year evenly / Soil- acid and stony / History- no logging (1830), 1917 entirely logged, trees mostly grown after 1917 |
| Trees in site | Common: Sugar Maple / Lower Elevation: White Ash / Higher Elevation: White birch |
| How do you measured the intake and outtake of water? | Watersheds |
| Purpose of Watershed | Encloses an area to keep track of the water that comes and leaves / measuring nitrates |
| What is the Hubbard Brock experiment study considered? | A manipulation instead of a correlation because your placing watersheds |
| The four phases of succession | Reorganization / Aggradation / Transition / Steady State |
| Look at succession chart on notes | - |
| What happens before the Reorganization phase? | There is a undistributed ecosystem |
| What happens in Reorganization? | Ecosystem will reorganize |
| Aggradation | Biomass will increase (trees grow up and get more biomass) |
| Tranistion | Biomass declines |
| Steady State | Levels off/ becomes to a steady point |
| Biomass | The weight of everything |
| What should we use to stop succession? | Herbicides |
| Age and diseases | Decreases biomass |
| What does the biological environment effect? | Physical enviornment |
| If you cut trees | There will be nutrients loss, but will retain in aggradation state |
| Manipulation is more powerful than... | Correlation |
| Conclusion points starting now. | ---- |
| Organism highly regulate | Water, nutrients, energy flow |
| Evopotranspiration | Conservation of nutrients |
| Maximum biomass occurs before... | Steady state phase |
| Habitat diversity maximizes in... | Steady state phase |
| Species richness is highest in... | Reorganization and Steady State phase |
| Loss of nutrients lower in... | Aggradation and than steady state phase |
| Describe LOGGED in succesion | C, P, and nitrates go up when trees are lost, but when trees grow, C, P, and nitrates decreases. |
| Why does C, P, and nitrates decrease when trees grow? | B/c takes take up the leftovers leaving little C, P, and nitrates. |
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animalsavior
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