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Micro Exam 3
viruses, fungi, protazoa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contain an RNA polymerase, which makes vRNA that host ribosomes use as mRNA to make viral components. | RNA viruses |
| Contains either DNA or RNA, never both, 3 genes or several hundred | Viral genome core |
| Protein shell surrounding the genome. May be a very simple structure or complex. | capsid |
| Some viruses have a lipid and carbohydrate coating in addition to the capsid, usually derived from the host cell | Envelope |
| Protein projections associated with the envelope, may mutate frequently | spikes |
| The extracellular state, also called viral particle. Used interchangeably with "virus". | Virion |
| Viruses may carry new genes from host to host. Ahost cell may exhibit new characteristics, used as a tool by researchers to splice genes- genetic recombination. Also implicated in causing some forms of cancer | Transduction |
| Respiratory infections, milder thatn the flu, typical occurs in the late fall croup in children | Parainfluenza |
| * Common colds and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)- first reported in China, mortality 10% | Corona virus |
| * MOST common colds, (rhinos-Greek, nose) nasal passages are the modes of entry, can be shed for weeks | Rhinoviruses |
| Respiratory infection in young children, milder in adullts. Linked to ear infections in children. #1 cause of pneumonia in infants, highly cntagious. | RSV respiratory syncytial virus |
| Ifectious hepatitis, fecal-to-oral route, 1 month incubation, 40% of people have been exposed, least dangerous form, preformed immunoglobulin can prvent 80-90% cases, supportive treatment only, liver damage can result. Vaccine available. | Hepatitis A |
| Transmitted via blood contact and body fluids. Blood transfusion transmittance is rare. Incubation 6-12 weeks. Many cases asymptomatic or mild initially. 85% become chronic-20 yrs or more with 20% leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer. | Hepatitis C |
| Delta virus-HDV; co-infection with Hepatitis B | Hepatitis D |
| HEV fecal-to-oral route, new epidemics appearing in Asia, Africa, India, and Central America. Rare in the U.S. | Hepatitis E |
| Transfusions and needle sticks, not conclusive to liver disease | Hepatitis G |
| *Measles-highly contagious, Koplik's spots(red, white and blue spots in the mouth)are diagnostic, complications can be serious. Measles during pregnancy can result in spontaneous abortion or premature delivery often with fetal death. vaccine available | Rubeola |
| MMR-(German measles, 3 day measles) mild fever with rash, can cross placenta and cause congenital defects, especially during the first trimester. Vaccine available | Rubella |
| MMR-Swelling of salivary glands. Meningitis follows in 10% of the cases. May cause sterility in adult males. Vaccine available | Mumps |
| The most common cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. | Rotavirus |
| Viral gastrogenteritis(Noroviridae) On cruise ships causing diarrhea and vomiting | Norwalk virus |
| Implicated in number of conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome; viral heart disease; possibly insulin-dependent diabetes. | coxsackie virus |
| Can be mild> moderate, fever and meningitis with recovery, or paralytic involving central motor neuron defects. Respiratory disfunction can occur in older patients. Very stable virus. Two vaccines available. | Polio virus |
| Transmitted by vector-Aedes aegypti mosquito, causes hemorrhaging in the liver and kidneys, mortality 80%. Stull endemic in Africa. Vaccine available for travelers. | Yellow fever |
| Most common mosquito transmitted viral infection, hemorrhagic fever, mortality 5-30%, mortality vaccine available | Dengue fever |
| Carried by Culex pipens mosquito, feeds at night, likes stagnant cool water for breeding, symptoms mimic the flu, can include a rash. Supportive care only. | West Nile Virus |
| Rabies, bullet-shaped, found in most warm-blooded mammals, thought to be asymptomatic in bats. Length of incubation varies in animals. Usually long in humans therefore immune serum usually works when exposed | Rhabdo virus |
| Hantavirus pulmonar y syndrome (HPS), transmitted by rodent excreta, saliva, or urine. After HIV and rabies, the lethal virus in the U.S. incubation 1-5 weeks | Bunya virus |
| Long, thread-like viruses that often take the shape of a fishhook, cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, spread by direct contact with infected blood | Filo virus |
| contain enzyme-reverse transcriptase, which makes Dna from vRNA, inserts new DNA into host DNA. Most are not cytolytic, and may be expressed indefinitely. Many related to cancers. (single-stranded) | Retroviruses |
| Typically have a long incubation period. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-usually results in AIDS, destroys H-helper cells thus devastating the immune system. Host cell T-cell | Lentiviruses |
| Lytic>latent, highly contagious | Herpes Viruses |
| Chicken pox usually in children, shingles in adults | Varicella-Zoster |
| Mild>very severe in immunosuppressed patients, estimated that 80% of the U.S. population may carry the virus. In AIDS patients, can result in damage to the retina leading to blindness | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
| Roseola-High Fever followed by rash. Usually in children. Now seen in AIDS patients | Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) |
| Infectious mononucleosis. Fever, chills, enlarged spleen. May be latent and reoccurring. Linked to cancer only found in central Africa. | Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) |
| Probable cause of Kaposi sarcoma (pruplish lesions on the body) in AIDS patients | Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) |
| Herpes-like virus, disease in Old World Monkeys (Asia), serious neurological symptoms. Primate keepers are at risk. No treatment | B virus |
| Lives in all body fluids. Extremely contagious. Frequently sexually transmitted. Many times the means of transmission is unknown. Incubation 4 wks-6 months. No successful tissue culturing. Acute and chronic. Vaccine ready.Can lead to cirrohsis & cancer | Hepatitis B |
| ARD (Acute respiratory disease) or common cold, also Pharyngoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | Adenovirus |
| Cause skin warts, some connection to cancer. Genital warts (STD)- 90% of all cervical cancers. May be linked to various other cancers. CDC estimates that 7.5 million women btw the ages of 14-24 carry the virus. Current vaccine protects against 4 strains | Papova viruses |
| Erythema infectionsum or Fifth disease-fever and "slapped-cheek" (rash on cheeks syndrome, primarily children | Parvovirus |
| Largest viruses to infect humans. | Pox viruses |
| Death or severe disfigurement. Completely eradicated due to vaccine. Routine public vaccinations ceased in 1972. Last known infection in Somalia, Africa in 1977. #1 potential bioweapon threat. | Smallpox (Variola) |
| Cowpox. Cross reacts with vaiola. Used in smallpox vaccine. | Vaccinia |
| Contracted from animal bites such as rats, prairie dogs, lab monkeys. | Monkey Pox |
| study of fungi | mycology |
| any fungal infection | mycosis |
| Fungi that can grow as yeast or molds depending on environmental conditions such as temperature | Dimorphic fungi |
| Common laboratory contaminant, found on produce and breads. Used in the industrial production of steroids, meat tenderizers. and chemicals. | Rhizopus stolonifer |
| Common lab contaminant, source of antibiotic-pencilin | Penicillium notatum |
| Aspergillosis, allergic resposes, and aspergilloma. found everywhere. produces highly toxic aflatoxin, causes tumor formation in animals. Common lab contaminant and associated with peanuts. | Aspergillus flavus |
| Histoplasmosis, dimorphic. resembles TB, may be tranported by macrophages, may be self-limiting or progressive and fatal, may develop immunity, may be detected by a skin test, associated with bird and bat droppings, primarily a disease of rural areas. | Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Blastomycosis, dimorphic, associated with dusty soil and bird droppings, spores enter through skin abrasions or inhaled. Rarest systemic cfungal infection and hard to treat. Can be self-healing or fatal | Blastomyces dermatitidis |
| Coccidiomycosis(San Joaquin Valley Fever), dimorphic, pneumonia-like symptoms, can be self-limiting or become disseminated throughout the body and affect many organs, spores found in soil of southwestern desert regions. | Coccidiodes immitis |
| Cryptococcus, mosty dangerous of all fungal diseases, has capsule, not dimorphic. Associated with bird droppings and soil, occurs world-wide. Inhaled and often initially aymptomatic, but then spreads to the brain. Nearly 10% of all AIDS patients develop | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP), the most common cause of opporunistic non-bacterial pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients, originally thought to be a protozaon, complex life cycle, now found that all are exposed & may actually carry in our lungs | Pneumocystis species |
| Ergotism, rye grain contaminant, widespread in the middle ages, causes bizarre hallucinogenic behavior often credited with witchcraft, similar chemical structure of LSD. | Calviceps purpurea |
| Sporotrichosis, in soil, transmitted by punctures, subcutaneous nodules, ulcerates, spreads via lymphatic tissue under arms, associated with horticultural activities. | Sporothrix schenckii |
| Common baker's yeast | Saccharomyces species |
| Candidiasis, normal oral and genital flora, opportunistic pathogen, causes thrush, diaper rash, and vaginitis, and yeast infections->dimorphic | Candida albicans |
| Slimy greenish black mold, grows in damp conditions, produces trichothecene mycotoxin that inhibits DNA replication, transcription and translation. Inhalation of spores can be fatal. | Stachybtrys chartarum |
| Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum | Dermatopytes |
| tinea pedis | Athletes foot |
| tinea cruris | Jock itch |
| tinea capitis | craddle cap |
| tinea corporis | ring worm |
| tinea unguium | nails |
| Common in soil & grasses.Previous infections of the eye, sinuses and skin of immunocompromised people. Recent meningitis epidemic from contaminated steroid injections for back pain. The injection near the spine reduces inflammation & body defense. | Exserohilum rostratum |
| Eukaryotic heterotrophs, most are unicellular, very diverse. Some exhibit two life forms: trophozoite(free-living feeding form and cyst(dormant form) Common groupings: protozoans (algae, lichens and slime molds) | Kingdom Protista |
| unicellular, lack cell walls, few are photosynthetic, four phula grouped by form of motility, all aquatic, asexual and sexual reproduction. | Protozoa |
| Amebic dysentary or amoebiasis, cysts ingested and trophozoite emerges and invades the intestinal lining. Resluts in bloody diarrhea. Some individuals may be asymptomatic. | Entamoeba hystolytica |
| Primary ameobic menigoencephalitis (PAM), found in bodies of fresh water and soils. Infection occurs during summer months when people swim. Organism enters through the nasal passages & into the brain & spinal fluid. | Naegleria fowleri |
| Ranulomatous ameobic encephalitis(GAE) & keratitis, found in bodies of fresh water. Causes a slow infection in immunocompromised patients. Hard to treat. Slow progression. Not usually in healthy people. Keratitis occurs in soft lenses users. eye damage. | Acanthamoeba spp. |
| Typanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness, vector-tsetse fly. Chagas disease, vector-kissing bugs. Invades the blood due to the biting insects. Advance stages involve the CNS and ultimately death | Trypanosoma spp. |
| Trichomiasis-usually a STD. Both sexual partners should be treated sumultaneously. | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Cyst now found in most freshwater sources worldwide. Cysts are ingested, the trophozoite emeres and adheres to the small intestine wall, interfering with fat absorption. Rarely invades the intestinal wall, therefore, no blood will be present in the stool. | Giardia lamlia |
| Balantidiasis- a rare form of dysentary, primarily a parasite of domestic animals. | Balatidium coli |
| Toxo plasmosis, associated with cats. Kitty litter boxes, sandboxes and gardens. The parasite is passed int eh cat feces. As the feces begin to dry, after 24-48h. the cyst form becomes infective. Cysts can then become airborne. | Toxoplasma gondii |
| Cryptosporidiosis-usually acquired form ingestion of produce fertilized with human waste. very low infectious dose level. Incubation of one week. May be self-limiting or quite severe. | Cryptosporiduium spp. |
Created by:
mistyharrison17
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