Question 1

Experimental Design

Accepted Answer

Repeated, systematic presentation and 
removal of an independent variable (or IV) 
While measuring changes in the dependent 
variable (or DV) and holding other factors 
constant

Question 2

The primary goals of systematic experimental manipulation

Accepted Answer

To demonstrate a functional relation between the IV and DV and to evaluate the interventions once they are decided upon

Question 3

Functional relation

Accepted Answer

Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class

Question 4

Internal validity

Accepted Answer

The extent to which an analysis assures that 
measured changes in behavior are due to the manipulation and not due to uncontrolled 
extraneous variables.

Question 5

External validity

Accepted Answer

The extent to which a study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behaviors.

Question 6

Threats to internal validity

Accepted Answer

History 
Maturation 
Testing 
Instrumentation 
Diffusion of treatment 
Regression towards the mean 
Selection bias 
Attrition

Question 7

History

Accepted Answer

Introduction of the IV may coincide with other events in the person's life

Question 8

Maturation

Accepted Answer

Natural developmental events of learning experiences may coincide with the introduction of the IV to produce the change

Question 9

Testing

Accepted Answer

Changes in the DV may have come about as a function of repeated exposure to the experimental arrangements (e.g. practice effects)

Question 10

Instrumentation

Accepted Answer

Changes may reflect modifications in the measurement systems rather than effects of the IV

Question 11

Diffusion of Treatment

Accepted Answer

Inadvertent, uncontrolled "seepage" of the treatment to control conditions or control subjects

Question 12

Regression towards the mean

Accepted Answer

Changes occurred because baseline measurements were NOT representative of the natural stare of events (less relevant in SCD because of repeated measure)

Question 13

Selection bias

Accepted Answer

The assignment of subject to groups may have biased the outcome even in the absence of any intervention (less relevant in SCD because each participant serves as own control)

Question 14

Attrition

Accepted Answer

The loss of subjects over time, especially if systematic, may influence the effects (less relevant in SCD because each participant serves as own control)

Question 15

Minimizing Validity Threats

Accepted Answer

Measurement 
Stability 
Immediacy 
Replication

Question 16

Single-Case Designs

Accepted Answer

The repeated and systematic presentation and removal of a treatment and measurement of behavior while holding other factors constant

Question 17

Baseline

Accepted Answer

Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable

Question 18

Phase Change

Accepted Answer

Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable to the next level or kind of independent variable

Question 19

A-B Design

Accepted Answer

Baseline phase followed by a treatment 
phase effect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one phase to the next

Question 20

Withdrawal Design

Accepted Answer

Baseline is followed by a treatment 
condition.

Question 21

Reversal Design

Accepted Answer

An intervention is applied to the target 
behavior after a baseline phase

Question 22

Multiple Baseline Design

Accepted Answer

Two or more independent baselines are 
established. The IV is then separately introduced in a staggered fashion to each BL. When bx is stable for the first baseline, the IV is introduced on the second baseline, and so on

Question 23

Multiple probe technique

Accepted Answer

First baseline is continuous, but subsequent 
baseline data collection is conducted on an 
intermittent basis relative to the first baseline

Term	Definition
Experimental Design	Repeated, systematic presentation and removal of an independent variable (or IV) While measuring changes in the dependent variable (or DV) and holding other factors constant
The primary goals of systematic experimental manipulation	To demonstrate a functional relation between the IV and DV and to evaluate the interventions once they are decided upon
Functional relation	Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class
Internal validity	The extent to which an analysis assures that measured changes in behavior are due to the manipulation and not due to uncontrolled extraneous variables.
External validity	The extent to which a study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behaviors.
Threats to internal validity	History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Diffusion of treatment Regression towards the mean Selection bias Attrition
History	Introduction of the IV may coincide with other events in the person's life
Maturation	Natural developmental events of learning experiences may coincide with the introduction of the IV to produce the change
Testing	Changes in the DV may have come about as a function of repeated exposure to the experimental arrangements (e.g. practice effects)
Instrumentation	Changes may reflect modifications in the measurement systems rather than effects of the IV
Diffusion of Treatment	Inadvertent, uncontrolled "seepage" of the treatment to control conditions or control subjects
Regression towards the mean	Changes occurred because baseline measurements were NOT representative of the natural stare of events (less relevant in SCD because of repeated measure)
Selection bias	The assignment of subject to groups may have biased the outcome even in the absence of any intervention (less relevant in SCD because each participant serves as own control)
Attrition	The loss of subjects over time, especially if systematic, may influence the effects (less relevant in SCD because each participant serves as own control)
Minimizing Validity Threats	Measurement Stability Immediacy Replication
Single-Case Designs	The repeated and systematic presentation and removal of a treatment and measurement of behavior while holding other factors constant
Baseline	Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable
Phase Change	Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable to the next level or kind of independent variable
A-B Design	Baseline phase followed by a treatment phase effect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one phase to the next
Withdrawal Design	Baseline is followed by a treatment condition.
Reversal Design	An intervention is applied to the target behavior after a baseline phase
Multiple Baseline Design	Two or more independent baselines are established. The IV is then separately introduced in a staggered fashion to each BL. When bx is stable for the first baseline, the IV is introduced on the second baseline, and so on
Multiple probe technique	First baseline is continuous, but subsequent baseline data collection is conducted on an intermittent basis relative to the first baseline

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BEHP 5012 Unit 5