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enzymes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genetics | the science of heredity |
| genome | the complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism (chromosomes+mitochondria/chloroplasts and/or plasmids) |
| chromosomes | the tightly coiled bodies that are the primary sites for genes |
| antiparallel | strands that are 3' to 5' with opposite strand being 5' to 3' |
| semiconservative | in DNA replication,the synthesis of paired daughter strands each retaining a parent strand template |
| bidirectional | functioning in two opposite directions |
| replication | in DNA synthesis, the semiconservative mechanisms that ensure precise duplication of the parent DNA strands |
| template | genetic material that serves as master pattern or model |
| leading strand | the newly forming 3' DNA strand that is replicated continuously without segments. |
| lagging strand | the newly forming 5' DNA strand that is discontinuously replicated in segments (Okazaki fragments) |
| transcription | mRNA synthesis; the process by which a strand of RNA is produced against a DNA template |
| translation | protein synthesis; the process of decoding messenger RNA code into a polypeptide |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism. it's ultimately responsible for the phenotype |
| phenotype | expressed characteristics; the observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction b/w it's genetic potential (genotype) and the environment. |
| codon | a specific sequence three nucleotides in mRNA (or the sense strand of DNA) that constitutes the genetic code for a particular amino acid |
| anticodon | the trinucleotide sequence of transfer RNA that is complementary to the trinucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (codon) |
| promoter | part of an operon sequence. The DNA segment that is recognized by RNA polymerase as the starting site for transcription. |
| operator | in an operon sequence, the DNA segment where transcription of structural genes is initiated. |
| repressor | the protein product of a repressor gene that combines with the operator and arrests the transcription and translation of structural genes. |
| introns | the segments on split genes of eukaryotes that do not code for polypeptide. They can have regulatory functions. also are intervening stretches of DNA that are not expressed |
| exons | a stretch of eukaryotic DNA coding for a corresponding portion of mRNA that is translated into peptides. During transcription, exons are separated from introns and are spliced together into a continuous mRNA transcript |
| oncogenic | a gene that causes normal cells to become cancerous |
| inducible operon | an operon that under normal circumstances is not transcribed. the presence of a specific inducer molecule can cause transcription of the operon to begin. |
| repressible operon | an operon that under normal circumstances is transcribed. The buildup of the operon's amino acid product causes transcription of the operon to stop. |
| operon | A genetic operational unit that regulates metabolism by controlling mRNA production. In sequence, the unit consists of a regulatory gene, inducer or repressor control sites, and structural genes. |
| mutation | A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell. |
| wild type | the natural, nonmutated form of a genetic trait |
| transposon | A DNA segment with an insertion sequence at each end,enabling it to migrate to another plasmid, to the bacterial chromosome, or to a bacteriophage. |
| plasmid | pieces of DNA |
| conjuction | In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special sex pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans. |
| transformation | In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in "naked" DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell. |
| tranduction | the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector. |
| translocation | protein synthesis, the linking of mRNA and the releasing of tRNA --the enzyme directed shifting of the ribosome to the next position on the mRNA strand, which causes the blank tRNA to be discharged from the ribosome |
| recombinant DNA | a technology, also known as genetic engineering, that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses. |
| vectors | an animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another, usually a biting or piercing arthropod like the tick, mosquito, or fly. Infectious agents can be conveyed mechanically by simple contact or biologically. |
| restriction endonuclease | an enzyme present naturally in cells that cleaves specific locations on DNA. It is an important means of inactivating viral genomes, and it is also used to splice genes in gentic engineering. |
| palindromic DNA | sequence that reads the same foward and backwards-origin of replication- frequently is recognized by restriction endonucleases- a 3' OH recognition sites for DNA pol III |
| ligase | an enzyme required to seal the sticky ends of DNA pieces after splicing/final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair |
| DNA polymerase III (pol3) | recogizes 3'OH, binds to it, moves along the leading strand adding complementary bases proofreading for mistakes |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme process that translates the code of DNA to RNA |
| back-mutations | a mutation which counteracts an earlier mutation, resulting in the restoration of the original DNA sequence. |
| silent mutation | a mutation that because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, results in a nucleotide change in both the DNA and mRNA but not the resultant amino acid and thus, not the protein. |
| nonsense mutation | a mutation that changes an amino acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein. |
| missense mutation | a mutation in which a change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results. |
| point mutations | a change that involves the loss, substitution, or addition of one or a few nucleotides. |
| induced mutation | any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to a chemical or physical mutagens. |
| spontaneous mutation | a mutation in DNA caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced bu any mutagenic agent. These mutations give rise to an organism's natural, or background, rate of mutation. |
| tRNA | a transcript of DNA that specializes in converting RNA language into protein language. |
| mRNA | a single-stranded transcript that is a copy of the DNA template that corresponds to a gene. |
| Ribose | a 5-carbon monosaccharide found in RNA. |
| uracil | one of the nitrogen bases in RNA, but not in DNA. Uracil is in a pyrimidine form |
| cytosine | one of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, with a pyrimidine form. |
| guanine | one of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA in the purine form. |
| thymine | one of the nitrogen bases found in DNA, but not in RNA. Thymine is in a pyrimidine form. |
| adenine | one of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, with a purine form. |
| nitrogen base | a ringed compound of which pyrimidines and purines are types. |
| deoxyribose | a 5-carbon sugar that is an important component of DNA. |
| phosphate | an acidic salt containing phosphorus and oxygen that is an essential inorganic component of DNA, RNA, and ATP |
| nucleotides | the basic structural unit of DNA and RNA; each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous bases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil |
| proteins | predominant organic molecule in cells, formed by long chains of amino acids. |
| DNA | the nucleic acids often referred to as the "double helix" DNA carries the master plan for an organism's heredity. deoxyribonucleic acid |
| genes | a site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function. A specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule. |
| heredity | genetic inheritance |
| helicase | relaxes the supercoiled DNA double helix-recognizes the origin of replication |
| Okazaki fragments | short sequences of DNA on the lagging strand |
| reverse transcriptase | the enzyme possessed by retroviruses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA |
| Primase | synthesizing an RNA primer |
| DNA polymerase I | Removing RNA primer, closing gaps, repairing mismatches |
| Gyrase | Supercoiling |
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