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BIO Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who used the first lenses used in Europe late 1500s? | cloth merchants |
| What 2 instruments did Holland use in early 1600s? | Telescope and Microscope |
| What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek find out in 1674? | powerful lens used as magnifying instrument and he saw tiny living organisms in a drop of pond water. |
| What did Robert Hooke find out in 1665? | used light microscope to examine plant tissues viewed cork- gave cells their name |
| What did Matthias Schleiden figure out in 1838? | all plants are made of cells |
| Who figured out that all animals are made of cells? | Theodor Schwann |
| what did Rudolph Virchow figure out in 1855? | all cells come from pre existing cells |
| What is the modern cell theory? | -all living things are made up of cells -the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things -all cells come from pre existing cells by division |
| The cell theory continued-> | - cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division - All cells are basically the same in chemical composition - All energy flow of life occurs within cells |
| What 2 common characteristics do cells have? | surrounded by a barrier (cell membrane) and contain the molecule that carries biological information (DNA) |
| What are the 2 categories of cells based off of? | if they have a nucleus |
| What are prokaryotes? | smaller, simpler cells. they are all bacteria. they have no nuclear membrane, no membrane bound organelles |
| What are eukaryotes? | they contain nuclei and membrane- bound organelles. some are single-celled organisms (protists) and some are multi celled - plants animals and fungi |
| What are the eukaryotic cells that has many specialized structures called? | organelles |
| What do eukaryotic cells have that are unique? | structure and function |
| what are 2 main parts of eurkaryotic cells? | nucleus and cytoplasm |
| What is the nucleus and what does it contain? | -nucleus is the control center of the cell - contains nearly all the cell's DNA -Robert Brown identified it in 1831 |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | it surrounds the nucleus and is the double membrane. it contains the nuclear pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus |
| what is chromatin? | granular material in the nucleus. Made of DNA bound to proteins and during most of the cell's life it is spread throughout the nucleus |
| What are chromosomes? | this is the form chromatin takes when the cell divides. chromatin condenses and becomes darker thicker and rod like in appearance. |
| what is the nucleolus? | small, dense region in the nucleus and makes ribosomes. |
| What are ribosomes? | site of protein synthesis using instructions that come from the nucleus. It is found on rough ER or can be free-floating in cytoplasm it is made of ribosomal RNA and protein |
| what are the 2 types of ER? | SMooth and rough |
| What is rough ER? | it assembles the cell membrane lipid components and modifies proteins to be exported from the cell. It has ribosomes and accepts newly made proteins to be chemically modified for export and it is intracellular transport |
| What is smooth ER? | has no ribosomes and it contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks. |
| What is Golgi apparatus? | it is a saclike structure and it modifies, sorts and packages proteins received from the rough ER and attaches carbohydrates and lipids to them |
| What are lysosomes? | vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes. IT digests lipids, carbo's and proteins into smaller molecules and breakdown of old organelles and can be destructive |
| what are vacuoles? | saclike structures for storage, digestion. |
| What is Mitochondria? | Powerhouse of the cell and it is the site of cellular respiration where the chemical energy stored in food is converted into compounds that are easier for the cell to use.- double membrane |
| What is chloroplasts? | it is an organelle found in producers and contains chloropyll and captures energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy by process of photosynthesis |
| What is Cytoskeleton? | the network of protein filaments that helps cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of movement. |
| What are microfilaments? | looks like spaghetti and is made of protein. produce tough, flexible framework that supports the cell |
| What are microtubules? | hollow structures made of protein and looks like macaroni. helps the cell maintain its shape. it is important in cell division |
| Why are microtubules important in cell division? | it forms centrioles and it is located near the nucleus and arranged at right angles to each other and found only in animal cells. |
| What is Cilia? | small, hairlike projections from cell membrane and provide locomotion. |
| What is Flagella? | tail-like structures that provide locomotion and usually appears singly or in pairs |
| What is the symbiotic theory? | sometime during evolution, prokaryotic cells were engulfed by other cells to become the ancestors of eukaryotes |
| What is symbiosis? | a relationship in which two organisms live in close association |
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